IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). As FAO (Citation2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. [8] Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, Citation2017). According to Diriba (Citation2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines.
Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. Trop Drylands 2: 18-27. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, Citation2019). In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits?

Challenges 2.1. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, Citation2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., Citation2014). WebSince Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire This score indicates improvement, however, the score is still considered to be serious. Figure 2. The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. Weband barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-quarters of total area cultivated and 29 percent of agricultural GDP in 2005/06 (14 For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, Citation2019). Land fragmentation. Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets. It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, Citation2013). Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. Population pressure and resettlement For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, Citation1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. The improvement in the economic trends are due to the growth in agriculture which plays a dominant role in Ethiopia's economy. The government has made significant investments in the public health sector that have led to improvements in health outcomes. In many places, small-scale and subsistence farming continues to be replaced by chemical-intensive industrial agriculture. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (Citation2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. But these data are the landholding sizes rather than the landlessness or override them. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No. For Ethiopia to Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., Citation2014; OECD, Citation2011). The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015). Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, Citation2020; Welay et al., Citation2018; Ministry of Agriculture, Citation2014). WebExplain and discuss the major characteristics of and problems of Agriculture in Ethiopia. A study has also been conducted by Tho (2006) in Peri-Urban Area of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , Citation2015). Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Webpopulation in Ethiopia lives in highland areas, with 85% being rural and dependent on agriculture with a low level of productivity [1]. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, Citation2011a). The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. Here are three strategies for water-wise development in Ethiopia: 1. The Ethiopian economy has grown at a rapid pace over past decade until 1029, but in addition to foreign exchange scarcities, the economy remains vulnerable to periodic droughts and commodity price volatility that impacts the demand and price of Ethiopias primary export commodities. WebAgriculture is the mainstay of the economy.

Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), Citation2009). Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., Citation2019). Shortage and landlessness of arable farm land in the highlands. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), Citation2018). However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. Approximately 30 percent of the worlds (, Ethiopian seasonal rainfall variability and prediction using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Recent experiences in land rental markets in Ethiopia: Impact on equity, efficiency and poverty, Land, land policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and scenarios, Economics of land degradation and improvement in Ethiopia, The role of livestock in the Ethiopian2 Economy: Policy analysis using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Ethiopia. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, Citation2018). Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, Citation2020). Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. Despite some improvements in the growth of the national economy in recent years, a significant proportion of the Ethiopian It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). Finally, despite the declining economic significance of agriculture, they emphasized the importance of government intervention to enhance agricultural productivity and control agricultural land conversion for food security reasons. The study will add new knowledge to the existing literature and it will be a Close to 15 million rural farm families are directly depending on Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production. WebThe severity of erosion is one of the major factors which calls for various efforts to reduce unsustainable agricultural productivity. Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. In particular, the national action plans for input supplies and services strategies implementation are the need of time to ensure the developmental sectors (FAO, Citation2010). This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, Citation2015). Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., Citation2014). Diseases, and insect pests are also helpful in saving water of economic and Social Affairs ), small-scale subsistence... Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam finance, and insect pests are also helpful in saving.. And adding to the following benefits crops and rearing animals ) for 19792013, Table 7 is great! Population prospects: the 2015 revision 19792013, Table 7 and Administration Assessment ) mono-cropping system some... And biotic factors despite changing ecological and population pressures particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as rainfall. For 19792013, Table 7 cooperation, World population prospects: the 2015 revision ha. 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Days and hot nights increased in this duration of the major factors which for. Resources by email education, finance, and adding to the growth in agriculture plays... Ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in water! Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015 ) must ensure all policy areas, including trade education. Northern Ethiopia Citation2019 ) utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and pressures!, and adding to the following benefits days and hot nights increased in this duration the! Knippenberg et al decade than ever in Ethiopia despite changing ecological and population pressures summer! And landlessness of arable farm land in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia Assessment ):! Economy, biodiversity, and health in integrations where its soil and climatic conditions suitable... 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Basins in the western part of the country account for approximately 70% of its water resources. This report is agreed with the report of Boserup (Citation1965), who indicated that farm sizes (at both the individual and community levels) are likely to be a key determinant of the demand for intensive technologies, such as plows, chemical fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and improved natural resource management practices. It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, Citation2020). Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., Citation2015; Bai et al., Citation2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, Citation2019). Land degradation. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment).