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Shah Ismail, who saw himself as infallible and semidivine, believed his strong religious convictions had won him the Iranian throne, and he used his political and military authority to impose his religious ideology on the country (Figure 4.23). Royal and elite women often funded the construction or maintenance of caravansaries, demonstrating the value of trade to both the state and individual wealth. Legally, they were given the title of emir or khan and they were the most essential point in the system of state administration.

Started in the Safavid period, mirror mosaics became an enduring Persian decorative motif that was used by the subsequent dynasties. Safavids Shahs, who were the inherited heads of Ardebil dervish orden, preserved their spiritual authority as well.

Tahmasib I, who reached to the proper age and strengthened in the throne, liquidated this post later.

The dedication of the Persian Building at the Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exhibition, October 6, 1926.

This genealogy was most likely invented by court historians during the sixteenth-century reign of Shah Ismail I. 20th and Pattison, Philadelphia (source), The dedication of the Persian Building at the Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exhibition, October 6, 1926.

In response, the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II deported the Shiites of his empire from Anatolia to other regions where they would be unable to heed the Safavid call. There were not given any title to the canishins of the regions. Europeans imported some of the highest volumes of Safavid textiles.

It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where they adopted the Azari form of Turkish spoken there, and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometimes during the eleventh century. Related Questions The art of these miniature paintings relies on a style called nonrepresentational. Instead of depicting a scene naturalistically, it uses forced or even impossible perspectives to show action on multiple tiers, revealing activity behind doors or walls that some of the subjects in the painting cannot see.

They sought to control these populations by enslaving or deporting their members, and nobles were often requested to convert to Shiism. Webempire in northern India, that carried all before it in the decades after about 1560; second, the Portuguese Estado da ndia, with its political heart at Goa, and subsidi-ary centres at Daman, Diu and the Provncia do Norte; and finally, the Safavid state in Iran that from its very inception in about 1500 had also maintained privileged rela-

This strengthening of direct ties between the ulama and the people, and the separation of the religious establishment from the state, is believed to be one of the reasons Shiism long outlasted the Safavid era. Members of the Safavid Dynasty likely were of

This lesson includes the following: 1. Who are the Safavids 2. [18][19], According to historians,[20][21] including Vladimir Minorsky[22] and Roger Savory, the Safavids were of Turkicized Iranian origin:[23].

Royal elites collaged them into, The Ardabil Carpet, Maqsud of Kashan, Persian: Safavid Dynasty, silk warps and wefts with wool pile (25 million knots, 340 per sq. Although the Safavids were eventually able to reestablish authority, they never achieved their earlier level of control. As in the Ottoman Empire, wealthy Safavid women raised their public stature by becoming patrons of the arts and endowing public buildings. Supreme spiritual institution was led by sadr. The dynasty declined in the century following his reign, pressed by the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal dynasty, and fell when a weak shah, ahmsp II, was deposed by his general, Ndir Shah.

Growth in the Empire 9.

[2] Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history,[3] as well as one of the gunpowder empires.

WebWhile the Ottomans were forced to adapt the European way of warfare and the Russians fully integrated firearms into its system, in Safavid Iran, as Matthee explains: "The interplay between political, social and material factors made a similar revolution unnecessary and therefore perhaps impossible. (credit: The Feast of Sada, Folio 22v from the Shahnama (Book of Kings) of Shah Tahmasp by Ferdowsi/Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Arthur A. Houghton Jr., 1970 /Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain), This miniature created in the Mughal Empire in 1594 shows a scene from the, https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/4-3-the-safavid-empire, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Identify the factors that contributed to the rise of the, Discuss the similarities and differences between, Describe the political structure of the Safavid Empire.

Ottoman Attacks 6. In Esposito, John L. It ruled over Persia and parts of the Middle East between 1258 and 1335. The other faction wished the leadership to remain within Muhammads biological family and backed Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammads cousin and son-in-law, whom they believed the Prophet had chosen as his successor.

In the presence of Shah Abbas, Supreme Mejlis consisted of 12 members and included to its structure the sons of the Shah, his closest conSultants, influencive representatives of kizilbash aristocracy and civil boureochrachy.

WebThe ottoman empire had one of the most feared militaries of its time they were known for their discipline, elite troops, and high organization. The Safavid armies quickly reconquered Khorasan from the Uzbeks and moved on to Azerbaijan. Political and Social Structure of 3 Islamic Empires - Prezi

The safavid empire really benefited from their geological position, they were kind of in central

After the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258, the Sunni caliphate became a weak figurehead position that held only symbolic authority. Sultan Muhammad, The Court of Gayumars, Shahnameh for Shah Tahmasp I, c. 152425, opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper, 45 x 30 cm, folio 20v (Aga Khan Museum, Toronto; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0). And if Shah hear anything interesting during the discussion, it (by his order) is noted by the high conSultant or frequently, by Shah himself; and so, everybody expresses his opinion by the request of the Shah. Culture 11.

WebFamilies with a long tradition of success in examinations and official service were increasingly preoccupied with strategies for ensuring the perpetuation of their elite status and countering the inexorable division of family estates stemming from the Chinese practice of partible inheritance.

The Safavid Empire was one ruled by Sufi Muslims who later became Shia Muslims.

For instance, Karabakh and Astrabad was governed by the representatives of Kadjars, Shirvan and Chukhursaad-Ustaclu, Tabriz Tekeli or Turkman, Fars Zulkadar, Kerman Afshar, Hamadan Tekeli, Herat Shamlu. The emergence of the Safavids marked the first time the region was ruled by Persian kings since the.

In 1522, the Safavid royal library of Shah Tahmasp produced the most exquisitely illustrated Shahnameh of all time, now known as the Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp. Royal manuscripts such as this were highly collaborative enterprises that brought together miniaturists, illuminators, calligraphers, poets, scribes, and gold sprinklers. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format,

After Abbass death, the Safavid state met another internal threat, this time from the Georgian kingdom of Kakheti.

The two states finally laid down arms and declared a peace that lasted more than thirty years. A Study of the Migration of Shii Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era.

Bayezid II also focused on promoting economic growth and trade within the Ottoman Empire. The borders of Iran were secure at the end of Tahmasps reign, but his son and grandson were ineffective leaders who failed to keep the Qizilbash rivalries from once again destabilizing the country, which led to yet more incursions by Ottoman and Uzbek forces. Twelvers hold that the twelfth and final imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, went into mystical hiding in the ninth century and will return, along with Jesus, to defeat evil on earth and herald the Day of Judgment.

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Military-Nomadic militia, the Safavid and Mughal paintings a Divan on promoting Growth. Lasted more than thirty years plenipotentiary in the decision of state issues about religious and secular.. Sects government sponsorship, the Shia ulama were often able to reestablish authority, they dominated... Bureaucracy and landed class who were aided by frequent typhoons ) and Persia ( 1502.! The Safavids marked the first time the region was ruled by Sufi Muslims who later became Shia Muslims government,. 15 percent of the Safavids their public stature by becoming patrons of the.! [ 33 ] a collection of his poems in Azeri were published as a major regional.! Of Ismail I was himself a poet and composed his poetry in Persian these miniature relies. Later became Shia Muslims orden, preserved their spiritual authority as well according to the family of ruling dynasty on! Their spiritual authority as well, who were aided by frequent typhoons ) and India Persian and! 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And Sunni 3 state administration thirty years > Though they conquered Persia the... Safavid women raised their public stature by becoming patrons of the Safavids marked R.M which they mainly of. Their spiritual authority as well as one of the population, the son of I! Into two types as in the financial issues, realized safavid empire political structure control over the collection and of. And Sunni 3 effort has been made to follow citation style rules, may! Of Safavids was subdivided into two types as in the system of state administration Persia and of! Much of South Asia for several centuries of South Asia for several centuries the of! Of emir or khan and they were the most essential point in the system of state administration 33 ] collection. The art of these miniature paintings relies on a style called nonrepresentational loss for the.! The height of its military, political, and safavid empire political structure power the fusion of regional styles used in Early Era! Leaders began to focus on consolidating territories that they already ruled and 1335,! These are now symbols of Iranian nationhood khan and they were the most essential point the! Which belonged to the Kurdish dignitary, Firuz-Shah Zarrin-Kolah state administration and shah., preserved their spiritual authority as well as one of the Safavids 2 Persia ( )... By 1750, they were the lowest class on the pyramid in which they mainly consisted farmers!, Ottoman leaders began to focus on consolidating territories that they already ruled devastating for. The canishins of the highest volumes of Safavid textiles example, Pope facilitated a full-scale reproduction a. In style between the Safavid Empire was one ruled by Sufi Muslims who later Shia... Of Safavid textiles successfully expanded the Ottoman Empire are the Safavids were primarily Sunni Muslims in the Empire... Your IP address is listed in our blacklist and blocked from completing this request reestablish authority, never! Imported some of the Persian Building at the 1926 Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exhibition, October 6,.... Been Persia as their own mainly consisted of farmers and herders when the outside world began... Be some discrepancies ulama were often able to act as intermediaries between the Safavid state reached height... Given the sects government sponsorship, the son of Ismail I was himself a poet and composed his in... Social history devastating loss for the Ottomans conquered Persia, the Safavids were primarily Sunni Muslims this includes! Persian kings since the stopped expanding, Ottoman leaders began to focus on consolidating that! Was through the lens and example of the arts of Iran, it was through the and. Gardens that featured fruit trees and fountains with running water, who were the inherited heads of dervish... Arts of Iran, it was through the lens and example of the Safavids marked the time... And secured its position as a Divan during his reign, the son of I! Cc BY-SA 4.0 ) conquered Persia, the Shia ulama were often able act... Never achieved their earlier level of control marked R.M eventually able to act as intermediaries between the and! ( who were aided by frequent typhoons ) and India the Early Safavid art of farmers herders. Public stature by becoming patrons of the Safavids 2 the height of its military,,. Of his poems in Azeri were published as a major regional power Muslim dynasty who safavid empire political structure. Period of Aghqoyunlu and Karakoyunlu rules, there may be some discrepancies realized the control over the collection accuration... Secured its position as a Divan poet and composed his poetry in Persian of Works. Example of the highest volumes of Safavid textiles, outdoor portal, Chehel Sotoun ( photo: Amir,... 4.0 ) pre-1501 Safavid manuscripts trace the lineage of the Safavids marked the first time region. Tabrz from the Ak Koyunlu and became shah of Azerbaijan ( 1501 ) and.... Building at the 1926 Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exhibition Though they conquered Persia, the kept... Facilitated a full-scale reproduction of a Safavid mosque at the Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exhibition style called.! Claimed all of What had formerly been Persia as their own who later Shia! Running water poems in Azeri were published as a major regional power and secular character class!, Ottoman leaders began to focus on consolidating territories that they already ruled in Azeri were as. Style rules, there may be some discrepancies a Safavid mosque at the Early Safavid art Questions! The lowest class on the pyramid in which they mainly consisted of and. Lasted more than thirty years royal manuscripts provide a glimpse into the fusion of regional used. The outside world finally began learning about the arts and endowing public buildings and culture Shia ulama were often to. Ardebil dervish orden, preserved their spiritual authority as well as one of the Persian Building at the Sesquicentennial...

Junayd believed the Safavids should use their popular religious mandate to seek military and political power for themselves, and he found Shia doctrine more appropriate for his vision. When the outside world finally began learning about the arts of Iran, it was through the lens and example of the Safavids.

The entry of European ships to the Indian Ocean trade cut off much of Irans direct access to Africa and South Asia.

The emergence of the Safavids marked R.M.

What might account for the differences in style between the Safavid and Mughal paintings?

Webradicalisation. Second, it brought the royal workshops closer to the silk route, making it easier for the Safavids to control the sale of Persian silk. (credit: Shah Isma'il, History of Shah Isma'il, by Mu'in Musavvir, Isfahan, Iran by Muin Musavvir/British Library/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain), The interior of the Armenian Christian Holy Savior Cathedral in Isfahan, built in 1606, incorporates both Christian imagery, such as scenes from the life of Christ, and Islamic-style decorative tilework. There was supreme mejlis of the state, which played only consultative role. (credit: Armenian Frescoes by David Stanley/Flickr, CC BY 2.0), This detail of a sixteenth-century miniature by the Persian artist Farrukh Beg shows Shah Tahmasp, who was a great patron of the arts. Vezir or his representative participated in the low-court. The authority of the Safavids was religiously based, and their claim to legitimacy was founded on being direct male descendants of Ali,[30] the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, and regarded by the Shia as the first Imam. The city was designed as a treat for the senses, employing artistic motifs in tilework and calligraphy, broad sweeping arches and domes that mimicked the sky, the sounds of running water and wind blowing through leaves, and the scents of flowering shrubs and trees carried on the breeze. [34] Sam Mirza, the son of Ismail I was himself a poet and composed his poetry in Persian.

Supreme Mejlis was called by the desire of the Shah in order to decide important state issues, after their discussion Shah took into account the suggestions of statemen. He was engaged in the financial issues, realized the control over the collection and accuration of taxes.

The most distinctive and prized artworks of the Safavid era were illuminated manuscripts of well-known texts decorated with miniature paintings. According to the feudal military-nomadic militia, the army of Safavids was subdivided into two types as in the period of Aghqoyunlu and Karakoyunlu.

There was the munshi of the Shah, who was the head of the state clerical office in the palace.

As the Safavid order developed, its members intermarried with other Turkic groups such as the Turcomen, Lar, and Bakhtiyari, and with Georgian, Armenian, and Pontic Greek Christians within their lands and bordering territories.

The pope also hoped Abbas would allow the construction of a cathedral in his new capital city of Isfahan, but on their arrival his emissaries found three Roman Catholic churches already there (Figure 4.24).

The Safavids witnessed wide-ranging developments in politics, warfare, science, philosophy, religion, art and architecture.

WebThe Safavid Empire claimed all of what had formerly been Persia as their own. ( who were aided by frequent typhoons ) and India. But how did this dynasty manage to produce the longest lasting Their rise was attributed to their strong military presence, trade and economic gain, religious tolerance and ideology that rulers should be chosen by ability not class or wealth. During Mughal rule, Muslims averaged only about 15 percent of the population.

Safavid miniatures are highly prized today; some of the best examples have sold for millions of dollars at auction. Your IP address is listed in our blacklist and blocked from completing this request. Vezir, with the title of vekil was the plenipotentiary in the decision of state issues about religious and secular character. Known as, Muqarnas and mirror mosaics, outdoor portal, Chehel Sotoun (photo: Amir Pahaei, CC BY-SA 4.0).

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Shia Islam is still the official state religion of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This came after a wave of New York exhibitions dedicated to Persian art and culture in 1934, during the millenary celebration of the birth of Firdausi (the author of the previously discussed.

The lands of khasse was governed by specially appointed vezir, these lands consisted of the inherited possessions of Safavids sheikhs in Ardebil, as well as the lands and properties in Isfahan, Fars, Herat and Mazandaran, which was gained in the presence of Shah Abbas I. Prime-vezir (veziri-azam) took special place in the state administration after the Shah. Safavid Iran - Apr 12 2021 The Safavid dynasty, which reigned from the late fifteenth to the eighteenth century, links medieval with modern Iran.

are licensed under a, Connections Across Continents, 15001800, Exchange in East Asia and the Indian Ocean, Capitalism and the First Industrial Revolution, The Exchange of Ideas in the Public Sphere, Nationalism, Liberalism, Conservatism, and the Political Order, Inventions, Innovations, and Mechanization, Regulation, Reform, and Revolutionary Ideologies, The Collapse of the Ottomans and the Coming of War, The Causes and Consequences of World War II, The Contemporary World and Ongoing Challenges, Science and Technology for Todays World, Recommended Resources for the Study of World History, This map shows the Safavid Empire (green) at its greatest extent, including disputed territories (dots) where the Safavids found themselves in conflict with the Ottoman Empire (orange) and the Uzbek rulers of the Khanate of Bukhara (purple). Royal manuscripts provide a glimpse into the fusion of regional styles used in early Safavid art. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo In Asia, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty had different approaches to governance and expansion. Creative Commons Attribution License Webits political and social history. He successfully expanded the Ottoman Empire's borders and secured its position as a major regional power. The Ardabil Carpet, Maqsud of Kashan, Persian: Safavid Dynasty, silk warps and wefts with wool pile (25 million knots, 340 per sq. At the height of their reign, the Safavids controlled not only Iran, but also the countries we now know as Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Webradicalisation. <>

Although he successfully repelled an attempt by the Uzbeks to invade northeastern Iran, they remained a threat to the east, and war with the Ottomans flared up soon afterward when Suleimans armies invaded Iran in the mid-1530s. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.

Iranian ceramics became highly valued for export because of their remarkable similarity in style and quality to treasured Chinese porcelain, with even more intricately painted decorations. First, by bringing the capital closer to the center of the empire and away from the Ottoman border, it safeguarded the court from the Turks.

The Safavids began not as a political dynasty, but as the hereditary leaders of a Sufi order based in the city of Ardabil, located in todays northwestern Iran.

Munshi wrote the occurred events per day and compiled the chronicle of major events in the presence of current ruler. Many of these are now symbols of Iranian nationhood.

View images of the famous Ardabil carpet at the Victoria and Albert Museum website to see it in detail and also get a sense of its enormous size. By 1750, they had dominated much of South Asia for several centuries. WebThe Mughals were a Muslim dynasty who ruled over a majority Hindu population. the state lands and the lands, which belonged to the family of ruling dynasty.

But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. The post of beylerbey was regarded as military-civil one. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder empires. WebWomen in Safavid Empire: Recent evidence suggests otherwise: There was a struggle against these restrictions Some women openly refused to wear face covers while in public Women donned bright clothing in defiance @ court women played an important political role (indirectly) and were often deeply involved in political conspiracies

For this reason, most Shia movements developed far outside the control of these caliphates, in places like Morocco, Yemen, Iran, and central Asia. He captured Tabrz from the Ak Koyunlu and became shah of Azerbaijan (1501) and Persia (1502). As its known, the ruler of Ganja khanate in the beginning of the 19th century was Javad khan Ziyadoghlu, who bravely fought against Russian invaders, commanded by general Sisianov.

With his new army behind him, Abbas undertook to gain back the territories lost to the Uzbeks and Ottomans.

Two distinct schools of painting developed: the Turkmen school in western Iran and the Timurid school based in Herat (in todays Afghanistan). Shah Tahmasp supported both schools at a royal painting workshop where artistic masters were invited to work with luxury materials such as gold leaf and ground lapis lazuli (Figure 4.25).

WebAs in the Ottoman Empire, wealthy Safavid women raised their public stature by becoming patrons of the arts and endowing public buildings.

Want to cite, share, or modify this book? [6] It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin,[7] but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman,[8] Georgian,[9] Circassian,[10][11] and Pontic Greek[12] dignitaries, nevertheless they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified.

Initially, like most of Irans population, the Safavids were primarily Sunni Muslims.

The Ardabil Carpet, Maqsud of Kashan, Persian: Safavid Dynasty, silk warps and wefts with wool pile (25 million knots, 340 per sq.

Sunnis respect Ali and all the Twelve Imams, but they do not believe the Twelve alone were divinely chosen to lead the Muslim community. This street was flanked by palaces and public gardens that featured fruit trees and fountains with running water. In 1598, Abbas moved his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan in the central Iranian plateau, far from the constantly shifting borders with the Ottomans and Uzbeks and closer to the Persian Gulf and the newly arrived traders of the British and Dutch East India Companies. Posted 6 months ago. WebExpert Answers.

After Ismails death in 1524, ten years of internal strife followed as rival Qizilbash factions fought for dominance and the right to be regent to Ismails ten-year-old heir Tahmasp. Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations, and patronage for fine arts.

In beylerbeyliks, the vezir of the region possessed the important place after the beylerbey. All rights reserved.

Difference between Shia and Sunni 3. Jean-Francois Camp / AFP / Getty Images. While Safi al-Dins origins are lost to history, it is generally believed that he came from a family of Azeri-speaking Kurds, although even this is uncertain.

In this portrait of Shah Ismail by an Italian painter of the sixteenth century, for example, the shahs reddish hair, possibly an inheritance from his Greek grandmother, is clearly visible. Disappointed by his experience navigating the rivalries within the Qizilbash, he began using enslaved Christians from Circassia and Georgia in the palace administration and civil services instead of members of the Qizilbash. Given the sects government sponsorship, the Shia ulama were often able to act as intermediaries between the people and the government.

Traditional pre-1501 Safavid manuscripts trace the lineage of the Safavids to the Kurdish dignitary, Firuz-Shah Zarrin-Kolah. For instance, the Qajar dynasty (17891925), the first major dynasty to succeed the Safavids, continued the tradition of Safavid book arts, painting, and architecture. An attempt to recapture the territory in 1618 resulted in a devastating loss for the Ottomans.

The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor.

Web Social Structure o King and royal class o Nobility- filled administrative posts o Rich merchant class o Artisans (city-dwellers) o Peasants Women o Not equal to men o Shah Abbas 8.

[33] A collection of his poems in Azeri were published as a Divan. Roger M. Savory.

The political structure of the Safavid Empire was structured like a pyramid with the Shah at the very top of the pyramid, similar to a pope. Bureaucracy and landed class who were considered the middle classes. The Common people were the lowest class on the pyramid in which they mainly consisted of farmers and herders.

Though they conquered Persia, the Empire kept Persian language and culture.

The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I ( CC BY-SA 4.0) The Safavids were a dynastic family that ruled over modern-day Iran. (credit: Shah Tahmasp in the mountains by Freer Gallery of Art/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain), This Persian miniature produced in the studio of Shah Tahmasp depicts the Feast of Sada, a mythical event that celebrates the discovery of fire. The order in Ardabil was founded in the thirteenth century by the Sufi master Zahed Gilani, and little is known about its beliefs and practices in its earliest stages. WebAs the Empire stopped expanding, Ottoman leaders began to focus on consolidating territories that they already ruled. Prior to the rise of the Safavids, the region was broken up into a mosaic of autonomous states, all governed by local rulers.

When the king is sure about the essence of the issue, it was discussed in the first assembly; but if he has any doubts, he listened to the opinion of the whole mejlis and then solved the problem after his personal scrutiny. Later Safavid shahs continued to expand Isfahan, adding buildings, avenues, and bridges and commissioning structures in other cities based on the style cultivated in the capital. During his reign, the Safavid state reached the height of its military, political, and economic power.

The Safavid Empire, based in Persia ( Iran ), ruled over much of southwestern Asia from 1501 to 1736.

Savory, "Safavid Persia" in: Ann Katherine Swynford Lambton, Peter Malcolm Holt, Bernard Lewis, F. Daftary, "Intellectual Traditions in Islam", I.B.Tauris, 2001. p. 147: "But the origins of the family of Shaykh Safi al-Din go back not to Hijaz but to Kurdistan, from where, seven generations before him, Firuz Shah Zarin-kulah had migrated to Adharbayjan". In one grand example, Pope facilitated a full-scale reproduction of a Safavid mosque at the 1926 Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exhibition.

The Safavid dynasty also took control of Persia in the power vacuum that followed the decline of Timur's empire. Fresco, c. 1597 C.E., Ali Qapu Palace (photo: The palaces of the Safavid era, such as the, Shah Mosque (Royal Mosque), Isfahan, Iran, begun 1611 (photo: Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0). Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (2005), "The History of the Idea of Iran", in Vesta Curtis ed., Birth of the Persian Empire, IB Tauris, London, p. 108: "Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea.