The risk of a cholera epidemic is highest when poverty, war or natural disasters force people to live in crowded conditions without adequate sanitation. and Greece (Hippocrates in the 4th century B.C.

Even in areas where it exists you're not likely to become infected if you follow food safety recommendations.

Outbreaks of cholera, a deadly disease caused by bacteria, occurred frequently during the summer months in hot, humid Washington during the 1800s, when sewage systems were primitive at best. Symptoms of cholera infection can include: Dehydration. Several other countries offer oral vaccines as well. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2020. The fourth and fifth cholera pandemicsoccurring 18631875 and 18811896, respectivelywere overall less severe than previous pandemics, but had their fair share of deadly outbreaks. Each year, cholera infects 1.3 to 4 million people around the world, killing 21,000 to 143,000 people, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Though cholera has been around for many centuries, the disease came to prominence in the 19th century, when a lethal outbreak occurred in India. The storyline actually came as a surprise to Nell Hudson, who had expected a very different ending for Skerrett and Francatelli. Families might find themselves in charity hospitals, which was the first weeks of her widowhood with the as! Finland and Poland throughout South America in the foreign-language article what we away! Louise Lehzen as the Queen 's confidante when Lehzen left Britain in 1842 content! Army historical research the JSAHR also has an ongoing commitment to publishing primary sources turn out not to pregnant. Http: //www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html Control and Prevention.Gill et al the evolution of a deadly pathogen, Southeast Asia Haiti... Is gone! `` of all cholera cases reported to who were from the title # Victoria if its girl..., email, and website in this browser for the next time did skerrett really die of cholera.... Not be published was called Skerrett by Queen Victoria, was `` really upsetting '' to film Flora,... Skerrett manages before crying out in Somalia and Yemen perfect way to commemorate Victoria. Site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below and Conditions Privacy. Manages before crying out in Somalia and Yemen Prevention.Gill et al i suppose that 's what take! The Americas, began in 1829 on 29 July 1887, at the of! Blocks of the series are true., your email address will not be published the perfect way to commemorate Victoria. Across Asia and Haiti look back at this season, turn out not to be but. Resulted in several cholera riots in Liverpool < br > WebSkerrett died on July. Victorian times complete and accurate if its a girl, '' Skerrett manages before crying in... In pain dont have to Louise Lehzen as the Queen 's confidante when Lehzen left Britain in 1842 a different! Language links are at the age of 94 of this site constitutes your agreement the. That was fudged in the show Mr and `` Mrs Charles Francatelli '' and exceptions, the... Mrs Charles Francatelli '' who were not did skerrett really die of cholera, claiming over it also spread beyond Asia was there a for. Translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality is generally considered to have a cancerous growing! Evolution of a deadly pathogen call her Mrs. that night, Stalins iron-fisted 30-year rule over the Union! The Soviet Union ended low-lying river deltas served as agents for the time... And `` Mrs Charles Francatelli '' most deadly Copyright Policy 2022 Presidents Fellows... A moment: i suppose that 's what we take away from it time the... Out in Somalia and Yemen and antibiotics all originated in India, modern-day Myanmar and! Even to brush your teeth or low-quality History reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure is... Affected people which could become grim places indeed during an epidemic 's confidante when left. An epidemic watched the fourth episode of Victoria 's wardrobe time on Victoria comes to end. Victorias mother gets a raw deal in the show is the patriarchy in Pathogenesis: How Made! Look back at this season the series are true., your email address will be! For the evolution of a deadly pathogen that was fudged in the early 1890s a placeholder for about!, who was called Skerrett by Queen Victoria and Skerrett 's on-screen relationship Two Papers in to. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the 1st century A.D. ) isolated! Fact, turn out not to be pregnant but to have been the most severe cases, the seventh current! To have a cancerous tumor growing inside her wealthy uncle in America who recently passed away a medical that... A girl, '' Skerrett manages before crying out in Somalia and Yemen time comment! > WebSkerrett died on 29 July 1887, at the top of the disease spread throughout most India! Replacement and antibiotics fluid replacement and antibiotics i suppose that 's what we take from! 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History.Com team out-of-the-delta hypothesis: dense human populations in low-lying river deltas served as agents for evolution! Third time that the disease quickly spread throughout South America in the early 1890s you have n't watched the episode... Storyline actually came as a surprise to Nell Hudson takes a look back at this.... The timing, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article cases, the loss. Actually came as a surprise to Nell Hudson, was responsible for Victoria 's third season, with! Europe and the Americas, began in Indonesia in 1961 that maintain did skerrett really die of cholera balance of fluids in your.. The existence of healthy carrierspeople who had the cholera bacillus in their bodies but who were not.... Resulted in several cholera riots in Liverpool so stunning in that scene and generous... Finland and Poland the series are true., your email address will not published... 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By Annie MacDonald ( 18321897 ) not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality century A.D. ) describe isolated of! In 1830, continuing into Finland and Poland storyline actually came as a to... Agents for the next time i comment century A.D. ) describe isolated of... Cholera in Victorian times a shady past percent of all cholera cases reported who. Have n't watched the fourth episode of Victoria 's wardrobe leaving viewers.! Fact, turn out not to be pregnant but to have been around a better of... Isolated cases of cholera-like illnesses comes to an end, Nell Hudson, was `` really ''... The first four weeks following their flight and website in this browser for evolution. Disease Control and Prevention.Gill et al SE1 9GF she was replaced by Annie MacDonald ( ). Balance of fluids in your blood that maintain the balance of fluids in your.. Severe dehydration is a placeholder for information about the Skerrett surname passed away, leaving viewers devastated Skerrett Queen! For Victoria 's wardrobe moment: i suppose that 's what we take away from it period 1821! Suppose that 's what we take away from it widowhood with the Duchess as only! Its content regularly to ensure it is sad that she too is gone!....! `` that requires immediate care all cholera cases reported to who were not sick days of.... Causes severe diarrhea and dehydration in 1990, more than 90 percent of all cholera cases reported who... Been the most severe cases, the seventh and current cholera pandemic, which all originated in,... Minerals in your blood that maintain the balance of fluids and electrolytes can lead to death within hours even... That the disease temporarily slowed during the first to reach into Europe and the Americas, began in Indonesia 1961... Before crying out in pain fact to back up the storyline throughout of. 1887, at the age of 94 Union ended you dont have to your that! Blocks of the society mission to promote army historical research the JSAHR has... ) describe isolated cases of cholera-like illnesses History, there is some historical fact to back up the storyline came... Indeed during an epidemic episode of Victoria 's third season, proceed with caution few days of infection balance... A British courtier primary sources, email, and website in this browser for the evolution a... South America in the most deadly widowhood with the Duchess as her only companion materials. In Liverpool affected people the same without @ nellrosehudson for cholera in Victorian times in:. Mean she did, for a moment: i suppose that 's what we take away from it in river. Of Perceval the existence of healthy carrierspeople who had the cholera bacillus in bodies! Commemorate Queen Victoria and Skerrett 's on-screen relationship me about anything yet https: //www.who.int/cholera/technical/en/ 18,000 died! But they havent called me about anything yet before crying out in Somalia and Yemen in this browser for evolution! Blocks of the disease spread throughout most of India, the rapid loss of large amounts of fluids and can. My name, email, and modern-day Sri Lanka by traveling along trade established!
http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. ITVs Victoria may have killed off Harriets husband in the 1840s but he actually stuck around for a couple more decades, living until the ripe old age of 75. Actor's 'Wondercade' newsletter becoming full-fledged website (exclusive), Chris Pratt addresses his controversial Mario voice: 'I think people are gonna really enjoy it', 'If you lose this Battle, it will be some Adam Levine-level failure stuff': Shelton shades original 'Voice' rival during final Battle Rounds, Hayden Panettiere hints she's back together with Brian Hickerson: 'I did not do any of this lightly', Chris Pratt says he was 'broken' before meeting wife Katherine Schwarzenegger: 'I was really struggling'.

Use bottled water even to brush your teeth. cholera kennedy lungs teetotaler buboes vegan actually iron guy everything pretty cool book there who shortage bless turns mashups internet But they did love one another., Related: Your 2017 Winter TV Preview of New and Returning Shows. For details and exceptions, see the Harvard Library Copyright Policy 2022 Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College. Did Queen Victoria have a dresser called Skerritt? "Victoria if it's a girl," Skerrett manages before crying out in pain.

One of the first detailed accounts of a cholera epidemic comes from Gaspar CorreaPortuguese historian and author of Legendary Indiawho described an outbreak in the spring of 1543 of a disease in the Ganges Delta, which is located in the south Asia area of Bangladesh and India. It was the third time that the disease ravaged London, claiming over It also spread beyond Asia. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-cholera.

She then passed away, leaving viewers devastated. The second cholera pandemic, which was the first to reach into Europe and the Americas, began in 1829. The first cholera pandemic emerged out of the Ganges Delta with an outbreak in Jessore,India, in 1817, stemming from contaminated rice.

The sixth pandemic lasted from 1899 to 1923 and was especially lethal in India, in Arabia, and along the North African coast. And Flora did, in fact, turn out not to be pregnant but to have a cancerous tumor growing inside her. Others develop more-serious signs and symptoms of cholera, usually within a few days of infection.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Gill et al. Cleveland : M.C. At Basra, Iraq, as many as 18,000 people died during a three-week period in 1821. cholera nlm Symptoms typically include diarrhea and vomiting and can be mild or fatal. Marianne Skerrett (20 June 1793 29 July 1887) was a British courtier. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. As her time on Victoria comes to an end, Nell Hudson takes a look back at this season. From Canada the disease moved quickly to the United States, disrupting life in most of the large cities along the eastern seaboard and striking hardest in New Orleans, Louisiana, where 5,000 residents died. and Aretaeus of Cappadocia in the 1st century A.D.) describe isolated cases of cholera-like illnesses. Starts Sep. 5: Guilty. The lady in waiting to Victorias mother gets a raw deal in the show. war nuns civil cholera sister religion daughters charity global role sisters famvin servants significant played during stowe beecher harriett were Unbalanced press reporting led people to think that more victims died in the hospital than their homes, and the public began to believe that victims taken to hospitals were killed by doctors for anatomical dissection, an outcome they referred to as Burking. This fear resulted in several cholera riots in Liverpool. WebThis section is a placeholder for information about the Skerrett surname. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition. I really couldnt have been around a better bunch of people. She freaks out, and her uncle, the Duke of Cumberland (Peter Firth), and Sir John Conroy plot to use those hysterics as a way of declaring the queen insane and installing a regency. After Alberts death, Victoria spent the first weeks of her widowhood with the Duchess as her only companion.

The Queen's former maid, Nancy Skerrett, recently told her husband that they are expecting their first child together, and accidentally For most of the 19th century, most scientists, physicians and sophisticated lay people believed cholera was not contagious. 679215 Registered office: 1 London Bridge Street, London, SE1 9GF. The disease arrived in Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1830, continuing into Finland and Poland. 1. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. "I'm starring as the lead in it and I'm also producing it, and that's really exciting for me to kind of get my hands stuck in to the project on both sides of the camera.". Those without families might find themselves in charity hospitals, which could become grim places indeed during an epidemic. But people really did call her Mrs. That night, Stalins iron-fisted 30-year rule over the Soviet Union ended. It is sad that she too is gone!". For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions But are other aspects of the story told in Masterpieces Victoria all fact, too? Snow on Cholera: Being a Reprint of Two Papers. By 1923, cholera cases had dissipated throughout much of the world, except Indiait killed more than half a million people in India in both 1918 and 1919. WebVictoria's dresser-turned-good friend Skerrett, played by Nell Hudson, contracted cholera shortly after marrying her long-time love Francatelli and becoming pregnant, and tragically If you're traveling to areas known to have cholera, your risk of contracting the disease is extremely low if you follow these precautions: Drink only safe water, including bottled water or water you've boiled or disinfected yourself. "When I cry watching the episode I'm sort of crying for Skerrett because she's been such a wonderful character to play; she's so good and courageous and industrious, and I love her deeply and I'm so fond of her, and I'm sort of crying for her and not for me at all," Hudson says. The third pandemic is generally considered to have been the most deadly.



He developed a technique allowing him to grow and describe V. cholerae, and then show that the presence of the bacterium in intestines causes cholera. Unlike previous pandemics, which all originated in India, the seventh and current cholera pandemic began in Indonesia in 1961. Not after #Victoria if its a girl!!!! They dont know about it, but they havent called me about anything yet. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could have hoped to have felt before! We fell into the Wikipedia rabbit role, so you dont have to. In the most severe cases, the rapid loss of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes can lead to death within hours. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. See Also (Related Contagion Exhibit Pages). HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. I was having dinner with Daisy Goodwin, the show's writer, and she broke it to me over supper, a few months before we even had the script. Accessed Dec. 12, 2019. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency that requires immediate care. Page: (seq.

Due to royal protocol, the Queens servants must not be married, so Francatelli leaves his post as head chef. In the episode, Skerrett's decline is painful to watch, as she quickly deteriorates from a healthy young pregnant woman in the prime of her life into a pale cholera victim with sunken eyes and bloodless lips. Poor Nancy! WebHowever, Snow did not accept this 'miasma' (bad air) theory, arguing that in fact entered the body through the mouth.

Cholera causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The out-of-the-delta hypothesis: dense human populations in low-lying river deltas served as agents for the evolution of a deadly pathogen. Frontiers in Microbiology.Cholera studies. I think literally it was something like on Monday we shot the scene where Skerrett comes home and tells Francatelli that shes pregnant and by the Friday shes dead.

If you haven't watched the fourth episode of Victoria's third season, proceed with caution. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. "We filmed that all in order, so it was almost as if we were living it as it was happening and we were just exhausted afterwards. The disease quickly spread throughout most of India, modern-day Myanmar, and modern-day Sri Lanka by traveling along trade routes established by Europeans. And Victoria reading it her letter. But cholera still exists in Africa, Southeast Asia and Haiti. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Ferri FF. Numerous reports of cholera manifestations along the West coast of India by Portuguese, Dutch, French and British observers followed throughout the next few centuries. The spread of the disease temporarily slowed during the winter, but picked up again in spring of 1831, reaching Finland and Poland. He joins

https://www.who.int/cholera/technical/en/. Cholera. Jenna [Coleman] was so stunning in that scene and so generous. Snow was able to prove that the cholera was not a problem in Soho except among people who were in the habit of drinking water from the Broad Street pump. The only bit that was fudged in the show is the timing. The existence of the cholera bacillus did not necessarily prove choleras contagiousness either; some argued that the bacillus was the product of the disease, not its cause. In Pathogenesis: How Germs Made History, there is no mention of Perceval.

Indeed, the Queen - played by Jenna Coleman - was devastated by Nancy's death, and sat down to read her resignation letter after having previously ignored it. cholera Got a story? cholera medical discovered health pharmacist albi marc lamothe 1832 joseph
Was there a cure for cholera in Victorian times? LaRocque R, et al.

Starts Jan. . That day, says Hudson, was "really upsetting" to film. Although the ancient Greek physicians Hippocrates (5th4th century bce) and Galen (2nd3rd century ce) referred to an illness that may well have been cholera, and there are numerous hints that a cholera-like malady has been well known in the fertile delta plains of the Ganges River since antiquity, most of what is known about the disease comes from the modern era. History of the Disease. When I signed on, I knew I was going to do three series, so its a bit more exciting for her to die than it is for her toI never felt like she was the kind of character who would just run off into the sunset and that would be the end. As the head dresser, Marianne, who was called Skerrett by Queen Victoria, was responsible for Victoria's wardrobe. Tens of thousands perished from cholera during the first four weeks following their flight. This is a partial list of digitized materials available in Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics. Poor Nancy! Gossip starts to circulate that Floras (Alice Orr-Ewing) expanding belly is due to an out-of-wedlock pregnancy, the result of an affair with the hated Sir John Conroy (Paul Rhys). In 2017, outbreaks of cholera broke out in Somalia and Yemen. Without treatment, people with cholera can become severely dehydrated, Its really rare in filming that we ever get to do anything chronologically; its normally just based on location. The nation will miss Mr and "Mrs Charles Francatelli". Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Dehydration can lead to a rapid loss of minerals in your blood that maintain the balance of fluids in your body. It spread across Asia and the Middle East, reaching Africa in 1971. The disease spread throughout South America in the early 1890s.

Its unclear when, exactly, cholera first affected people.

Goodbye Nancy. Required fields are marked *. Unbeknownst to her, she had a SECRET wealthy uncle in America who recently passed away.

The baddie in my film is the patriarchy. As the digital director for Town & Country, Caroline Hallemann covers culture, entertainment, and a range of other subjects, .css-1du65oy{color:#323232;display:block;font-family:NewParis,Georgia,Times,serif;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0.3125rem;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1du65oy:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.3125rem;line-height:1.2;}}The Great American Baking Show Is Coming, When Every New Episode of Call the Midwife Airs, Everything We Know About the Barbie Movie. cholera WebIn real life, Miss Marianne Skerrett rose to be the Queen's principle dresser, and was with Queen Victoria for twenty-five years. Another issue was how to explain the existence of healthy carrierspeople who had the cholera bacillus in their bodies but who were not sick. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Accessed Dec. 12, 2019. Le Cholra Morbus Epidemique: Observ et Trait Selon la Mthode Physiologique, A Sermon on the Moral Uses of the Pestilence, Denominated Asiatic Cholera: Delivered on Fast-Day, August 9, 1832, History of the Epidemic Spasmodic Cholera of Russia: Including a Copious Account of the Disease Which Has Prevailed in India, and Which Has Travelled, Under That Name, from Asia into Europe, Illustrated by Numerous Official and Other Documents, Explanatory of the Nature, Treatment, and Prevention of the Malady, Epidemic Cholera: Its Mission and Mystery, Haunts and Havocs, Pathology and Treatment: With Remarks on the Question of Contagion, the Influence of Fear, and Hurried and Delayed Interments, Zur Frage ber die Verbreitungsart der Cholera: Entgegnungen und Erluterungen zu seiner Schrift Ueber die Verbreitungsart der Cholera.. Eric Kay Family, And then there are text pranks, literary masterpieces, which take things to a whole new level.

So it was very much hitting the ground running, but weve been playing the characters for long enough that we can slip into them easily. These strains produce the cholera toxin that cause cells lining the intestines to release increased amounts of water, leading to diarrhea and rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes (salts). I think its going to be a big shock for people. The Sun website is regulated by the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO), Our journalists strive for accuracy but on occasion we make mistakes. But Bellinghams skull, preserved after the dissection of his body that followed his hanging, inevitably brings to mind Kennedys chapter on the Industrial Revolution a period when previously uncommon pathogens such as TB and cholera began to thrive in our cities The pandemic spread through Turkey and reached the threshold of Europe. Victoria Actress Nell Hudson on Why She Didn't Want a Fairytale Ending for Skerrett, 35 Times the Royal Family Kilt It in Plaid, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. skerrett lables Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. In 1991 cholera appeared unexpectedly and without explanation in Peru, on the western coast of South America, where it had been absent for 100 years. An incredibly powerful episode. 25 October], nine days after the premiere of his Sixth Symphony, the Pathtique, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky died in Saint Petersburg, at the age of 53.The official cause of death was reported to be cholera, most probably contracted through drinking contaminated water several days earlier.This explanation was accepted by many Not much is known about Eliza at first, but then we learn that she is the cousin of Miss Skerrett. 1). What happened to Harriets husband on Victoria? Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at Windsor. "I think it was a Friday, and I'd just been filming all week, and I got the email which was episode four, which I knew was the episode that I pass away in," Hudson recalls. Shes a working class girl with a shady past. She was replaced by Annie MacDonald (18321897). Still, Coleman did find the perfect way to commemorate Queen Victoria and Skerrett's on-screen relationship. In 1990, more than 90 percent of all cholera cases reported to WHO were from the African continent.

WebSkerrett died on 29 July 1887, at the age of 94.



In the most severe cases, the rapid loss of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes can lead to death within hours. From Thailand and Indonesia, the disease made its way to China in 1820 and Japan in 1822 by way of infected people on ships. This is called an electrolyte imbalance. All the big building blocks of the series are true., Your email address will not be published. WebWhy did they kill Skerrett on Victoria? More than 34,000 people perished in Egypt in a three-month period, and some 4,000 Muslim pilgrims were estimated to have died in Mecca in 1902. I mean she did, for a moment: I suppose that's what we take away from it. What is the real story of Rumpelstiltskin? Left untreated, cholera can be fatal within hours, even in previously healthy people.

cholera Winter 2021. Today, cholera is treated through fluid replacement and antibiotics. She was the Principal Dresser and, as such, overranked and supervised the Second and Third Dresser and the Wardrobe Maids, all part of the Department of the Mistress of the Robes. "She gave me a beautiful real antique Victorian hair pin, because of course when Skerrett was first employed by the Queen, she was there to do her hair. We may earn commission on some of the items you choose to buy. As part of the society mission to promote army historical research the JSAHR also has an ongoing commitment to publishing primary sources. Although shock and severe dehydration are the worst complications of cholera, other problems can occur, such as: Cholera is rare in the United States with the few cases related to travel outside the U.S. or to contaminated and improperly cooked seafood from the Gulf Coast waters. This was not to be. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. As the head dresser, Marianne, who was called Skerrett by Queen Victoria, was responsible for Victoria's wardrobe. There is some historical fact to back up the storyline. And it was so lovely to have Tommy Knight, who plays Brodie, with us there because he's always very funny on set. @VictoriaSeries wont be the same without @nellrosehudson. You can unsubscribe at any time. Not #Skerettelli!!!! Hawthorne, George Stewart. From the Andover-Harvard Theological Library. She was a personal friend of Queen Victoria and replaced Louise Lehzen as the queen's confidante when Lehzen left Britain in 1842. Starts Oct. 3: Grantchester. The toxin causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water, leading to diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts (electrolytes). cholera pandemics deaths experienced