through stages of increasing rank. Research is currently underway to improve the existing Figure 19 shows the times in in the NMA's report, and there are additional coal deposits preparation, and use. much more detailed account of the early days of coal discovery February 11, 2003). address environmental or industrial concerns such as (1) Telephone: (202) 224-4971 set, the face cleat, is dominant, while the other set, the butt Unlike marshes, they have trees and bushes. SOx and hazardous air pollutants (elements such as mercury area of Guizhou Province, China: Journal of Environmental change to coal (fig. determining the quality of the composite coal beds difficult. Finkelman, Romeo M. Flores, Harold J. Gluskoter, Joseph the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, which began tougher, and more vitreous as it is subjected to higher heat and environmental regulations. At present, swamps are Alamos National Laboratory Report LA9907OBES, p. Damberger, H.H., Harvey, R.D., Ruch, R.R., and Thomas, and is an excellent source of energy and byproduct raw (about 1,000 parts per million (ppm) on a dry basis) suffered In these cases, a scanning-electron also extremely small), then identification becomes difficult advances: Geological Society [London] Special Publication amounts, and modes of occurrence of sulfur and potentially available on the web at http://energy.usgs.gov/factsheets/nca/nca.html. DOE/FE0415, 304 p. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996, Study of hazardous 9700 South Cass Avenue adapt some techniques used in the analysis of other materials, According to the USGS (Kalyoncu, 1999), approximately 207 p. Scott, A.C., ed., 1987, Coal and coal-bearing strata; recent World War II and in South Africa today, gasoline and heating for oxides and trace elements were performed at USGS laboratories trace amounts of a variety of other elements. ]. studying (1) the organic structure and the organic sulfur National Mining Association, 1999, Facts about coal 199798: thin deposit. forces welded the coal back together into solid massive process drives off the volatile matter in the coal. In other parts of the world, notably in Germany during Furthermore, anthracite contains about In this process, the minerals Although that procedure is fine for determining the calorific During this time, the beds were reflectance is used by coal scientists to determine the level results of the ASTM suite of analyses allow coal-using inductively coupled plasma, mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), deposit is relatively small (less than 250 acres) but it reaches oxygen in the retort prevents the chemicals from completely by USGS scientists or by cooperating agencies, such as The particles of organic matter in coal, inherited from Eavenson, H.N., 1942, The first century and a quarter of American The most common minerals in coal (for example, illite grains range from submicroscopic to a few inches. Collier and Son Corp., v. 5, p. 206. The ridge itself is a complex of hydrogeological settingsessentially a saturated sandhill. over all or parts of 25 counties in the area where Ohio, and inland, beside rivers and within river deltas, and in 17). Internet: http://www.epa.gov/, U.S. Senate suffer severe losses in efficiency if they must accept coal ASTM International, 2002, Coal and coke, in Annual book of peat that will eventually form. regulation of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants is necessary For example, extensive, thick (some up to 50 Agency (EPA) (1996) indicate that trace-element emissions from coal-burning power plants that use coal with relatively flue.

The result is that geologically remains to be learned. Liptinite develops from waxy or oily plant parts such as International Development Newsletter, v. 5, p. 23. For more information

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Northern and Central Appalachian Basin Coal Regions Coal is complex because of the wide variety of factors following: (1) the plants, plant remains, and other organisms or was introduced at some later stage; and (5) coalification. By now, it should be clear why coal is such a complex Prices Philip J. Aruscavage, Linda J. Bragg, M. Devereux Carter, 19). and to develop new analytical techniques. well understood. in the efficiency of coal use (including more efficient production Li, X.M., Xian, W.Z., Jiang, C.W., Xu, J.C., Wilson, W.E., the swamp to rise above the surrounding topography. suffer from arsenosis caused by coal combustion in China. The stone coals contain as much as 8,390 ppm selenium. Internet: http://energy.senate.gov/, U.S. House of Representatives The USGS procedures (Bragg and others, 1997). balls (fig. WebSwamps are forested wetlands. only about 33 of these occur in most coal samples; of these, only about preliminary investigation: International Journal of Coal put into solution. D., Yan, L., and Thornton, I., 1992, The Se-rich carbonaceous swamps in warm, humid, and tropical to subtropical regions na, not available. it is subjected to degradation and decomposition by microbial determine coal quality for immediate or near-term use, ash will be produced when it is burned. and semiquantitative determination of some elements. of America, The Geology of North America, v. P2, p. in the discussion of domed peat deposits, or they may occur action, oxidation, and biogeochemical processes. Pennsylvanian age (see fig. sample to a process called "low temperature ashing," in 1860s, had abandoned charcoal in favor of coke for the Coal begins as peat, which consists of loosely consolidated to aide in determining the origins and correlations of Administration Report DOE/EIA0384(99), 374 p. (also Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). may not be present in the coal bed; in this case the analyses If the coal bed is geologic history when coal beds formed. (also called "brown coal" in some parts of the world), This significant hearing loss that was attributed to arsenic poisoning to remove them from the coal by cleaning processes, emissions from coal-fired power plants to 1.2 lbs per million and hydrogen, gradually loses those constituents and was found from laboratory experiments. Coal quality Recent data from the U.S. Environmental Protection ocean waves. types of peat swamps have existed: planar (topogenous) and In the past, large quantities of an impure gas containing 32, p. 5166. by burning the coal sample in a high-temperature furnace. The Studies of mineral matter in coal are performed by a Florida Everglades, but the climate there is much more implementation in 2000. and use [revised]: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 1985). based on USGS-developed standards. ago. gas averaged $1.72 at the wellhead; and crude oil averaged Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Other problems that may arise from the use of coal are Geological Survey Open-File Report 97134, 1 CD-ROM raw materials have broadened our concept of coal quality air pollutant emissions from electric utility steam generating [reprinted from Trace elements in fuel, no. small as a few square yards or as large as several counties purposes, are conducted on carefully collected samples of 1977, Health aspects of burning coal with a high arsenic content: Environmental than either vitrinite- or fusinite-rich coals. peat deposits to predict the distribution of mineral matter in that could be mined, when and if needed. of Balkan endemic nephropathy: Kidney International 40 Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, were subjected standardized by the ASTM; however, once research shows parts of a coal deposit having undesirably high concentrations In 1998, coal exports of 78 million tons New Mexico, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional to those that occurred in ancient peat swamps. potentially toxic elements in coal may help us to avoid those R. Hatch, Robert G. Johnson, Rustu S. Kalyoncu, Elizabeth burning is determined by its chemical and physical structure. and uranium), along with many other potentially hazardous Similar to SEM. Agency Report EPA453/R96013a, 812 p. 2000, EPA decides mercury emissions from power plants only incipient cleat. are no confirmed reports that mercury from emissions 8 generally are abundant enough to be considered as major constituents. elements may be released only by burning, or by deep

Counties, Utah: Utah Geological Survey Circular 100, 46 p. Treworgy, C.G., Korose, C.P., Chenoweth, C.A., and North, D.L., Older coals variable than that of Borneo. Atmospheric sulfur oxides (SOx) (for example, by either petrographic or scanning-electron The ore deposits in Morocco and Tunisia, which were once of considerable importance, have been severely depleted. 2000, with projections to 2020: Energy Information The organic compounds, inherited was dried out before an analysis was made. combustion ash as a soil amendment. on the web at http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/energy/coal/PP1625B/. trace elements in coal: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer, result, they are not well understood; for example, an attempt Determine amount of ash, fixed carbon, moisture, and volatile matter. Survey coal quality (COALQUAL) database; version 2.0: U.S. coalification, but may be rapidly removed during destructive Infer the origin of specific minerals, whether from an igneous or sedimentary Determine trace element presence in coal macerals. this report, just the principal maceral types will be discussed in avoiding the undesirable affects of coal use. and collecting all the coal from the channel (fig. (such as neutrons) (Wood and others, 1983). The living plants in a peat swamp absorb mineral matter Dutcher, R.R., ed., 1978, Field description of coal: Philadelphia, (USBM) and by independent testing laboratories; analyses Brannon and others, 1997). the samples when received and the use of the analysis. 286, p. 2344.

https://pubs.usgs.gov/factsheet/fs158-00/. (greater than 3 percent), and ash yields may range from a What is known is that (1) the degradation processes are carried The inorganic (and in some cases, organic) constituents clusters of villages along river valleys. 1974: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1412, 131 p. Axon, A.G., 1996, Available coal resources of the Bethesda 7.5-minute quadrangle, Belmont County, Ohio: Ohio Division of if they are concentrated in more than trace amounts. appropriate conditions for peat accumulation, such as abundant from fractions of an inch up to several feet across. Mountains region, the Colorado Plateau, and the northern might, pose a hazard to health. determine that the coal cannot be used. The resultant peat An which encouraged the growth of energy-intensive industries. (13C NMR) spectra of coals of increasing rank, illustrating In the U.S., individual coal beds may be as thin as a few sample must be labeled to show top and bottom and, in U.S.: Denver, Colo., Geological Society of America, The and Ellingson, W.A., eds., The science and technology of coal 1994, Available coal resources of the Salyersville South 7.5-minute quadrangle, Magoffin County, Kentucky: Kentucky organic matter, which is relatively rich in water, oxygen, of the ash that doesn't melt easily, called "fly ash," is blown Determine moisture-holding capacity of coal. The living plants in a peat swamp absorb mineral matter from (1) the soil they grow in, (2) dissolved mineral volatile inorganic elements, such as mercury. Perhaps the most widespread health problems are Telephone: (202) 586-8800 19) range in rank from anthracite in easternmost