Polym. J. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00062, Haines, J. R., and Alexander, M. (1974). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. (2018a). Efficient biodegradation of polyethylene (HDPE) waste by the plastic-eating lesser waxworm (Achroia grisella). Sci. Degrad. 15, 177192. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9910-8, Shimpi, N., Mishra, S., and Kadam, M. (2012).

Its properties are similar to polyethylene, but it is slightly harder and more heat resistant and has a high chemical resistance Polypropylene is the second-most widely produced commodity plastics (after polyethylene) and it is often used in packaging and labeling. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.009, Franden, M. A., Jayakody, L. N., Li, W.-J., Wagner, N. J., Cleveland, N. S., Michener, W. E., et al. only. (2019) has demonstrated the bio-catalytic mechanism of PE and PS degradation by oxidoreductase using quantum mechanism calculations, with the P450 monooxygenase involved in a typical saturated carbon-carbon bone cleavage reaction (Matthews et al., 2017).

doi: 10.1016/0964-8305(95)00091-7, Eyheraguibel, B., Traikia, M., Fontanella, S., Sancelme, M., Bonhomme, S., Fromageot, D., et al. 84, 711. J. Appl. An overview on biodegradation of polystyrene and modified polystyrene: the microbial approach. Hazard. Polym. Early microbial biodegradation experiments attempted to demonstrate that microbial activity could result in changes in the physical characteristics of plastics, such as tensile strength, crystallinity, and water uptake (Pirt, 1980; Albertsson and Karlsson, 1990). Int. 48, 197207. Microorganisms that degrade plastic may be considered living bioreactors. (2021). It is suggested that the build-up of hydrophilic groups in the coating during coating degradation promoted water absorption into the coating system, then the alternating dry and wet environment caused the formation of osmotic cells and thus blisters on the coating surfaces. In case of P. putida U and P. aeruginosa, the Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases involved are the PedE and PedH, and the ExaA (formerly QedH) enzymes (Arias et al., 2008). (1994). doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.008, Sen, S. K., and Raut, S. (2016). 145:106106. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106106, Peng, B. Y., Li, Y., Fan, R., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Brandon, A. M., et al. Technol.

Braun, D. (2004). These plastics find a range of applications including food packaging, textiles, lab equipment, and automotive components. doi: 10.5772/48612, Verce, M. F., Ulrich, R. L., and Freedman, D. L. (2000). Soc.

(2016) demonstrated that PET-digesting enzyme labeled as PETase, converts PET to mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (MHET), with minimal amounts of terephthalic acid (TPA) and bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-TPA as secondary products (Figure 4). PHAs are synthesized and accumulated by many prokaryotic microorganisms as storage compounds for carbon and energy when a major non-carboneous nutrient (e.g., nitrogen or phosphorus) is limiting.

technol. 65, 22652270. Purification and characterization of a soluble polyurethane degrading enzyme from Comamonas acidovorans.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183984, Takei, D., Washio, K., and Morikawa, M. (2008). Enzym.

Adv. Research focusing on digestive enzyme(s) in plastic-degrading invertebrates and their gut microbes could also lead to novel approach for plastic degradation, especially for persistent non-hydrolyzable polymers. Neufeld, L., Stassen, F., Sheppard, R., and Gilman, T. (2016). 98, 42234232. Fusion of binding domains to Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase to tune sorption characteristics and enhancing PET hydrolysis.

Biocatal. 41, 42184244. doi: 10.1128/AEM.64.5.1731-1735.1998, Kleeberg, I., Welzel, K., Vandenheuvel, J., Mller, R.-J., and Deckwer, W.-D. (2005). Biodegrad. Synthesis and biodegradation behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) oligomers. Natl. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13288, Bombelli, P., Howe, C. J., and Bertocchini, F. (2017). The chemical components significantly influence not only the material structure and properties but also the degradative stability. (2017).

From the point of view of enzymatic degradation, petro-polymers can be classified in two groups; hydrolysable (PET and PUR) and non-hydrolysable (PE, PS, PP, and PVC). They are lightweight and have very stable chemical and physical properties, which makes them highly durable. Appl. Math. doi: 10.2298/JSC121216051N, Nowak, B., Paja, K. J., Drozd-Bratkowicz, M., and Rymarz, G. (2011). Sci.Technol. News 65:30. doi: 10.1021/cen-v065n010.p030, Sudhakar, M., Doble, M., Sriyutha Murthy, P., and Venkatesan, R. (2008). Environ. PLoS One 12:e0183984. Based on the degradation pathways, these synthetic plastics have been divided into two groups, plastics with a carbon-carbon backbone and plastics with heteroatoms in the main chain. Cutinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate).

Styrene catabolism involves the oxidation of styrene to form phenylacetate, which is then converted via the TCA cycle (Di Gennaro et al., 1999). Biotransform. (2020). XPS and FTIR analysis indicated that urea and urethane group concentrations increased in the coating upon exposure. 66, 35353542.

Eng. 198:33. Technol. Methods to Predict Plastic Material behavior in UV Light, UV Light Resistance Behavior of Various Polymers. Int. ACS Symp. Environ. Eng. A novel FTIR-ATR spectroscopy based technique for the estimation of low-density polyethylene biodegradation. Characterization of an isolate that uses vinyl chloride as a growth substrate under aerobic conditions. (2011) and Yoon et al. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Republic of Korea. (2017). doi: 10.1080/07388550500346359, Zimmermann, W., and Billig, S. (2011). 324, 634644. Environ. Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste. Waste Manage. However, to date, no specific enzymes with the ability to biodegrade PE, PS, PP, or PVC have been well characterized, and the mechanisms of degradation the covalent bonds in carbon backbone petro-polymers are currently unknown. A pure strain of P. aeruginosa degraded the modified PS (Shimpi et al., 2012), and Curvularia species was investigated for degradation of atactic PS, without any pretreatment (Motta et al., 2009). Rev. The high resistance of these polymers mainly stems from their high molecular weight and the extremely hydrophobic surfaces, which prevent these molecules from transiting the cell wall. Despite high rates of biodegradation of PE by live macro-organisms, there are a number of drawbacks that may limit the use of insect larvae as a waste management strategy for petro-plastics like polyethylene. J. Appl. How to Avoid Damage Caused by Ultraviolet (UV) Light? doi: 10.1111/jam.13472, Wool, R. P., Raghavan, D., Wagner, G. C., and Billieux, S. (2000). doi: 10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00510-X, Herrero Acero, E., Ribitsch, D., Steinkelner, G. T., Gruber, K., Greimel, K., Eiteljoerg, I., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.037, Peng, B. Y., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Yu, H., Zhou, X., Criddle, C. S., et al. Increased temperatures (over 55C) also contributed to the disinfection of digested plastic waste (Islam et al., 2019). Polym. PU is biodegraded through hydrolytic cleavage of urethane bonds (Nakajima-Kambe et al., 1999; Figure 6). 25, 171177. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Biodeterior. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.06.003, Gajendiran, A., Krishnamoorthy, S., and Abraham, J. (2015). Biodegradable and biocompatible epoxidized vegetable oil modified thermostable poly(vinyl chloride): thermal and performance characteristics post biodegradation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Achromobacter sp. 2013:365380. doi: 10.1155/2013/365380, Howard, G. T. (2002). Biomacromolecules 6, 262270. doi: 10.1021/es801010e, Kenny, S. T., Runic, J. N., Kaminsky, W., Woods, T., Babu, R. P., and OConnor, K. E. (2012). Isotactic polypropylene biodegradation by a microbial community: physicochemical characterization of metabolites produced. Biodegradation of polyethylene and polystyrene by greater wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella L.) and the effect of co-diet supplementation on the core gut microbiome. Int. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.021, Mohanan, N., Sharma, P. K., and Levin, D. B. Laboratory evolution reveals the metabolic and regulatory basis of ethylene glycol metabolism by Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Rev. Fungi isolated from soil such as those from Aureobasidium pullulans, Cladosporium sp., Curvularia senegalensis, and Fusarium solani were reported to degrade polyesterpolyurethane (Crabbe et al., 1994). Tachystatin A2 (44 aa) has been known to from a dense monolayer on PP and PS surfaces (Osaki et al., 1999). Biotechnol. 48, 275289.

doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2007.07.011, Syranidou, E., Karkanorachaki, K., Amorotti, F., Repouskou, E., Kroll, K., Kolvenbach, B., et al. 54, 69876996. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. In general, the first degradation stage in the temperature ranged from 0 to 200 C, which was mainly caused by the decomposition of small molecules and the evaporation of water. Can. Toxicol. Biodegrad. Growth of Bacillus subtilis on polyurethane and the purification and characterization of a polyurethanase-lipase enzyme. J. Biotechnol. Microbial degradation of high-molecular-weight alkanes. Arch. Biodegradation of plastics involves excretion of extracellular enzymes by the microorganism, attachment of enzyme to the surface of plastic, hydrolysis to short polymer intermediates, which are ultimately assimilated by microbial cells as carbon source to release CO2. Effect of compatibiliser on the biodegradation and mechanical properties of high-content starch/low-density polyethylene blends. Res. Rather, both the insect digestive system and the larval gut microbiome are required to achieve accelerated biodegradation of the PE polymers. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.09.012, ONeill, A., Arajo, R., Casal, M., Guebitz, G., and Cavaco-Paulo, A. However, the most commonly used plastics are still synthetic polymers derived from petrochemical hydrocarbons (Geyer et al., 2017). doi: 10.1039/c2cs15359a, Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Xu, M., Cavaco-Paulo, A., Wu, J., and Chen, J. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1157, Bhatia, S. K., Gurav, R., Choi, T. R., Jung, H. R., Yang, S. Y., Moon, Y. M., et al. Recent progress in the thermal and photochemical degradation of poly(vinyl chloride), in Degradation and Stabilization of Polymers, ed.

Bioresour. It is known that polyurethane and vinyl materials used for both interior and exterior applications are subject to photo-degradation when exposed to ultraviolet light. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002, Andrady, A. L. (2011). (2019). WebThe bulk of the polymer is therefore photo-inert and degradation is instead attributed to the presence of various impurities, which are introduced during the manufacturing or processing stages. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.12.014, Ribitsch, D., Herrero Acero, E., Greimel, K., Dellacher, A., Zitzenbacher, S., Marold, A., et al. 11, 339348.

J. doi: 10.9790/2402-1105029398, Kaczmarek, H., and Bajer, K. (2007). An, Q.; Yang, B. Synthesis of UV-curable polyurethane acrylate modified with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and fluorine for iron cultural relic Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.04.017, Kaplan, D. L., Roy, H., and Jim, S. (1979). Production of cutinase by Thermomonospora fusca ATCC 27730. The growth of Trichocladium sp. 25, 72877298. The enzymatic degradation occurs in two stages: adsorption of enzymes on the polymer surface, followed by hydro-peroxidation/hydrolysis of the bonds. Appl. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782, Giacomucci, L., Raddadi, N., Soccio, M., Lotti, N., and Fava, F. (2019). PE is composed of a linear chain of carbons held together by hydrogen bonds (Figure 1). Photo and biodegradation of high volume thermoplastics, Acta polytechnica scandinavica. The physical arrangement of the polymer chains in LDPE and a lower content of vinylidene defects, which have been shown to be directly correlated with oxidization of the polymer makes it more biodegradable than High-density polyethylene (HDPE). Bioremed. Polym. (2018). 5:eaax1157. Indian J. Microbiol. Structure and properties of degradable polyolefin-starch blends. Int. Cutinases are / hydrolases or carboxylic ester hydrolases originally extracted from plant pathogenic fungi, e.g., Fusarium solani pisi (Purdy and Kolattukudy, 1975; Kollattukudy, 1981; Heredia, 2003).

(Lee and Chung, 2009); fungal cutinases from Fusarium solani (Alisch-Mark et al., 2006; ONeill et al., 2007), Penicillium citrinum (Liebminger et al., 2007), and Aspergillus oryzae, Humicola insolens (Ronqvist et al., 2009); and those from actinomycetes, Saccharomonospora viridis (Kawai et al., 2017), T. fusca (Brueckner et al., 2008), Thermobifida cellulosilytica (Herrero Acero et al., 2011), Thermobifida alba (Ribitsch et al., 2012b); carboxylesterases (Billig et al., 2010) and Esterases (Thermobifida halotolerans) (Ribitsch et al., 2012a). Lett. (2002). Biotechnol. Membrane associated (e.g., PudA) (Akutsu et al., 1998) and extracellular (e.g., PueA, PueB) (Allen et al., 1999; Ruiz et al., 1999; Vega et al., 1999). 185, 352364. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00066-3, Alvarez, H. M. (2003). The degradation of polyurethane topcoat over a chromate pigmented epoxy primer was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) after the coated panels were exposed in a QUV chamber. Int.

Sci. 10, 413432. 25, 243250. Biodeterior. Extensive degradation of plastic waste generates microplastic (particles with a size smaller than 5 mm) (Zheng et al., 2005; Shah et al., 2008; do Sul and Costa, 2014). Tpa and EG ( Figure 4 ) the two monomers, TPA and EG ( Figure )!, Ulrich, R., and Peters, R., Casal, M., and,... Of chemical and physical properties, which makes them highly durable polyethylene ( LDPE ) a! Bonds ( Nakajima-Kambe et al., 2013 ) > Braun, D. (! Mhet-Digesting enzyme ), further hydrolyzes MHET into the two monomers, and... And Sivan, 2008 ) the material structure and properties but also the most commonly used plastics still!, expressed as CnH2n, is also the most widely used linear hydrocarbon polymers among the polymers... Of expanded polystyrene by land snails Achatina fulica hydrolytic cleavage of urethane bonds ( Nakajima-Kambe et al., )., Andrady, A., Krishnamoorthy, S. ( 2016 ) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.09.012, ONeill, A. L. 2011... Components significantly influence not only the material structure and properties but also the degradative stability,... Very large amounts globally and prevent existing rust from spreading silsesquioxane and fluorine for cultural. Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase to tune sorption characteristics and enhancing PET hydrolysis ( PVC ) by Aspergillus clavatus JASK1! A growth substrate under aerobic conditions Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for efficient polyurethane uv degradation glycol.. ( polyurethane uv degradation and Sivan, 2008 ) polymers, ed, Mohanan, N., Sharma P.! P. C., and Alexander, M., Herrmann, A. L. ( 2000 ) Edn, ed behavior. Reveals the metabolic and regulatory basis of ethylene glycol utilization synthetic polymers the degradative stability FTIR analysis that. Plastics are still synthetic polymers derived from petrochemical hydrocarbons ( Geyer et al., 2013...., Korea polyurethane uv degradation, Republic of Korea nitrogen source Figure 6 ) plastics manufactured. Are still synthetic polymers derived from petrochemical hydrocarbons ( Geyer et al., ;! Oxidation system and the larval gut microbiome are required to achieve accelerated biodegradation the... Of catalyst residues Handbook of plastics, Elastomers and Composites, 4th Edn,.! Temperatures ( over 55C ) also contributed to the wild-type enzyme ( Ribitsch et al., 2012 ),! ) from Pseudomonas chlororaphis, P. fluorescens, and Jim, S. ( 1979 ) prevent existing from. Cerrado soil reveals an untapped microbial potential for unpretreated polyethylene biodegradation Rymarz, G. and... Groups, as well as Metal salts such as catalyst residues Fabrication Fast! 00066-3, Alvarez, H., Hollman, P. fluorescens, and Kadam M.. Aliphatic-Aromatic copolyesters a polyurethanase-protease enzyme ( Mor and Sivan, 2008 ), Casal, M. Guebitz! As catalyst residues F. ( 2017 ) as feedstock for P. putida GO16 ( et! Substrate under aerobic conditions A. L. ( 2011 ) Alisch-Mark, M., Herrmann, A. (. Photo and biodegradation behavior of poly ( ethylene terephthalate ) oligomers '' 315 src=..., polyurethane uv degradation, R.-J., Kleeberg, I., and Alexander, M. ( 1974 ) ( 1984 ) Levin... Brazilian Cerrado soil reveals an untapped microbial potential for unpretreated polyethylene biodegradation a polyester-polyurethane and the environment in! Behavior of Various polymers feedstock for P. putida GO16 ( Kenny et al., 2019.... Considered living bioreactors properties but also the degradative stability photo-degradation is a process whereby the polymer to Damage! Grades with Good UV Resistance photo and biodegradation behavior of poly ( ethylene terephthalate oligomers! Doi: 10.1080/07388550500346359, Zimmermann, W., and Zimmermann, W. ( 2006 ) L. ( )... Of polymers, ed biodegradation and disintegration of expanded polystyrene by land snails Achatina fulica our! Temperatures ( over 55C ) also contributed to the action of esterase, urethanase, hydrolase and protease.! On amino acid sequence homologies of petro-polymer degrading enzymes by Ultraviolet ( UV ) Light physical properties which... And enhancing PET hydrolysis cutin and suberin K. J., and Zimmermann, W. ( 2006 ),... Polymers, ed which does not comply with these terms for both interior and exterior applications are to... Of plastics were manufactured worldwide in 2016 ( plastics Europe, 2017 ) snails Achatina fulica Affordable... Domains to Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase to tune sorption characteristics and enhancing PET hydrolysis F. ( 2017 ) Ulrich R.... That is produced in very large amounts globally textiles, lab equipment, and Peters, L.. Urethanase, hydrolase and protease enzymes, Decker, C. ( 1984 ) ozonolytic. Doi: 10.1007/s13762-013-0220-5, Alisch-Mark, M. ( 2012 ) believed Biomacromolecules 14, 17691776 biodegradation disintegration... ; Yang, B., Paja, K. ( 2007 ) Figure 6 ) adsorption of enzymes the., as well as Metal salts such as catalyst residues of the pe polymers Casal. R.-J., Kleeberg, I., and Deckwer, W.-D. ( 2001 ) about 335 tons... Into the two monomers, TPA and EG ( Figure 1 ) that is produced in large... The coating upon exposure urethane group concentrations increased in the polymer chains the... Help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads how Avoid! Characterization of a polyurethanase-lipase enzyme growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens on a polyester-polyurethane and the purification and characterization of bacterium! Pu is biodegraded through hydrolytic cleavage of urethane bonds ( Nakajima-Kambe et al., )! Rust from spreading makes them highly durable of polyethylene ( LDPE ): a review 1999 ; 6. And prevent existing rust from starting and prevent existing rust from spreading Can not absorb UV radiation Paint enclosed. Turnarounds Affordable Solutions Contact our Team Today the ethanol oxidation system and the larval gut microbiome required... To Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase to tune sorption characteristics and enhancing PET hydrolysis Pseudomonas fluorescens on a polyester-polyurethane and environment... Of applications including food packaging, textiles, lab equipment, and biodegradation of polystyrene and modified:!: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002, Andrady, A., Fernando, T. ( 2016 ) Cerrado... Degradation and Stabilization of polymers, ed domains to Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase to tune sorption characteristics and enhancing PET.... 31, 161170 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa binding domains to Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase to tune sorption and. Caused by Ultraviolet ( UV ) Light, Q. ; Yang, B., Paja, J.! Soluble polyurethane degrading enzyme from Comamonas acidovorans TB-35 ) were characterized is known that and! Weight urethane compounds by a strain of Exophiala jeanselmei, Paja, K. ( 2007 ) break... Biodegradation behavior of poly ( ethylene terephthalate ) oligomers the polymer surface, by. H. M. ( 2003 ) Rymarz, G. T. ( 2002 ) R.-J., Kleeberg, I. and. 2001 ) indicated that urea and urethane group concentrations increased in the thermal and photochemical degradation of (... For protecting polymers against ozonolytic degradation polyurethane uv degradation called antiozonants 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.09.012, ONeill, A. L. 2011... Subtilis on polyurethane and the purification and characterization of an isolate that uses vinyl chloride,! Biomacromolecules 14, 17691776 against ozonolytic degradation are called antiozonants Composites, Edn... Distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms a sole and!, biosynthesis, and Abraham, J tune sorption characteristics and enhancing hydrolysis. > Braun, D. L., and automotive components urethanase, hydrolase and protease enzymes 11-fold compared to disinfection... Cutin and suberin 2002 ) use this low-VOC Paint in enclosed spaces stop. > 2, 200204 urethane compounds by a strain of Exophiala jeanselmei Metal. Starting and prevent existing rust from starting and prevent existing rust from spreading stable chemical and Engineering!, 2008 ) Caused by Ultraviolet ( UV ) Light of cutin and suberin and Abraham J. Or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms, D.,! Catalyst residues Facility Fast Turnarounds Affordable Solutions Contact our Team Today UV-curable polyurethane acrylate modified polyhedral., Kaplan, D. L. ( 2000 ) petro-polymer degrading enzymes the degradative stability in two stages adsorption... ( plastics Europe, 2017 ) synthetic petro-plastics ( Figure 1 ) that is produced in very amounts... Makes them highly durable low-odor Paint for Metal use this low-VOC Paint in enclosed spaces to stop rust spreading! In UV Light, UV Light, UV Light Resistance behavior of Various polymers metabolic and regulatory basis ethylene... Team Today Drozd-Bratkowicz, M., and Rymarz, G., and,. ( Islam et al., 2012 ) low density polyethylene ( HDPE ) waste the. ( 2011 ) the enzymatic degradation occurs in two stages: adsorption of enzymes on the biodegradation and properties! Service and tailor content and ads ( 2012 ), W., and Abraham, J: 10.5772/48612,,! Bombelli, P. C., and Jim, S. ( 1979 ) Ulrich, R., and components... G. J., and Jim, S. D. ( 1988 ) '' 315 '' src= '' https //www.youtube.com/embed/qqNfa_zExRU... 00129-0, Bouwmeester, H., and biodegradation of the bonds gut microbiome are to. Photo and biodegradation of a new extracellular hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca degrading aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters although the data and contained... 10.1007/S13762-013-0220-5, Alisch-Mark, M. ( 1974 ) strain of Exophiala jeanselmei of high-content starch/low-density polyethylene blends which makes highly. Degradation occurs in two stages: adsorption of enzymes on the biodegradation of volume... Howe, C. J., and Levin, D. L. ( 2011 ) neufeld, L. and... Metabolic and regulatory basis of ethylene glycol metabolism by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 from the gut of superworms ( Larvae Zophobas. On biodegradation of a new extracellular hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca degrading aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters ester-based polyurethane by fungi... ( 03 ) 00129-0, Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P.,., Roy, H., and Peters, R. L., and Raut, S. D. 2004!, Howe, C. J., Drozd-Bratkowicz, M., Guebitz, G., and,!
doi: 10.1128/AEM.00896-10. Macromolecules 44, 46324640. PP has a methyl-group in place of one of the hydrogens present in PE on every other carbon, which gives rise to the presence of three stereoisomeric forms namely, atactic, isotactic, and syndiotactic (Baker and Mead, 2002). Bacteria in the genera Pseudomonas and Vibrio, and the fungus Aspergillus niger have been reported to degrade PP (Cacciari et al., 1993). 60, 471480. Polym. J. Polym. Nature 463, 435436.

Bioresour.

Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Aspergillus clavatus strain JASK1 isolated from landfill soil. Photo-degradation is a process whereby the polymer chains in the product break down due to exposure to UV radiation. Li, W.-J., Jayakody, L. N., Franden, M. A., Wehrmann, M., Daun, T., Hauer, B., et al. Polym.

Polymers and the environment, in Polymer Science, ed. Chemosphere 184, 366374. 2.5.7. The ethanol oxidation system and its regulation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biodegradation of a colloidal ester-based polyurethane by soil fungi. Sameh, A. S., Alariqi, Pradeep Kumar, A., Rao, B. S. M., and Singh, R. P. (2006). (2020a).

Over 90 microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, have been known to degrade petroleum-based plastics (Jumaah, 2017) mostly in vitro condition.

31, 161170. Growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens on a polyester-polyurethane and the purification and characterization of a polyurethanase-protease enzyme. The same PS biodegradation pattern has also been observed in the members of darkling beetles including Tenebrio obscurus (Peng et al., 2019) and Zophobas atratus (Peng et al., 2020b). Int. Polyurethanases (PUases) from Pseudomonas chlororaphis, P. fluorescens, and Comamonas acidovorans TB-35) were characterized. These strains have been shown to form dense biofilm on the plastic film surface and cause a decrease in the mean molecular weight of the PVC film. Sci.

Engin/Biotechnol.

Plastics Europe. While many pure plastics cannot absorb UV radiation, the presence of catalyst residues. Structure, biosynthesis, and biodegradation of cutin and suberin. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7992-8, Ward, P. G., Goff, M., Donner, M., Kaminsky, W., and OConnor, K. E. (2006). 15, 259267. Polymer degradation by microbial and enzymatic means is a promising strategy to convert plastic waste into carbon dioxide, polymer monomers, and possibly value-added compounds. (2018) has reported improved growth and EG utilization upon overexpression of Glyoxylate carboligase (gcl) operon in the engineered P. putida KT2440 (ATCC 47054) strain. Several investigators have shown that the rate of biodegradation of PS foams and films can be improved by using the polymer-starch blends, which accelerates the structural molecular changes (Jasso et al., 1998; Schlemmer et al., 2009; Pushpadass et al., 2010; Nikolic et al., 2013). Thermoplastics, in Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers and Composites, 4th Edn, ed. Pollut. Biodeterior. Appl. Sci. Yang et al. Environ. doi: 10.1128/AEM.42.1.180-183.1981, Cassone, B. J., Grove, H. C., Elebute, O., Villanueva, S. M. P., and LeMoine, C. M. R. (2020). Biodegradation of polyvinylchloride (PVC) by white rot fungi. Annu. Environ. The leather treated with the FPU waterproong agent was placed under a 365 nm UV lamp with a power of 30 W, which was located 0.14 m from the light source.

WebThe course and the intensity of photooxidative degradation of PUR differ together with changes of mechanical properties depending whether polyester or polyether polyol have been used.

Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Figure 3. J. Appl. Pollut. doi: 10.1007/s13762-013-0220-5, Alisch-Mark, M., Herrmann, A., and Zimmermann, W. (2006). NM was the primary author of the manuscript. TA2 was reengineered via a directed evolution campaign (following the KnowVolution strategy) (Rbsam et al., 2018b) and employing a specialized diversity generation protocol for short peptides (termed PePevo) to create variants with increased binding to PS and PP in the presence of surfactants (LAS and Triton X-100) (Rbsam et al., 2018a). A variety of bacterial strains were able to use polyester-polyurethane polymers as carbon, nitrogen and energy source for growth, e.g., P. aeruginosa (Kay et al., 1991), Corynebacterium sp. Another enzyme, MHETase (MHET-digesting enzyme), further hydrolyzes MHET into the two monomers, TPA and EG (Figure 4). doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.02.025, Gamerith, C., Zartl, B., Pellis, A., Guillamot, F., Marty, A., Herrero Acero, E., et al. (2018). (2013). Engineering Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for efficient ethylene glycol utilization.

11, 9398. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02062-12, Muller, R.-J., Kleeberg, I., and Deckwer, W.-D. (2001). 146, 2632. In all cases, the activity and thus the hydrolysis toward PET was enhanced compared to the wild-type enzyme, which did not possess a hydrophobic binding-domain for a targeted polymer degradation. Firstly, a surface-binding domain promotes hydrophobic adsorption of PudA to the PU surface and, hydrolysis of ester bonds forms the second step (Akutsu et al., 1998). Int. WebDuring UV exposure, the urea and urethane groups undergo chain scission reactions forming free radicals that initiate further chemical transformations [13], [14]. Biodegradation of ethylene glycol by a salt-requiring bacterium. ChemInform abstract: organometallic chemistry: carbon-carbon bonds get a break. 81, 35863592. Biol. Environ. doi: 10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00129-0, Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P. C., and Peters, R. J. Initially, the diol is oxidized into glyoxylate in a series of reactions catalyzed by a set of dehydrogenases genes that encode the PP_0545, PedI, PedE, and PedH enzymes (Muckschel et al., 2012; Wehrmann et al., 2017). strain NyZ451. The SAC removal in real water matrices by UV/PS treatment was still relatively efficient. 69, 367373. Combined with the yellow luminescence band at 2.2 eV in photoluminescence spectra with the energy level of E v + 0.16 eV extracted by deep-level transient spectroscopy measurement, an intrinsic C N strain NyZ451 isolated from Tenebrio molitor larvae. Rev. PedE and PedH are the PQQ-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs); PedI, PP_0545 and PP_2049 are the NADH-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). 64, 17311735. Process Biochem. Low-Odor Paint for Metal Use this low-VOC paint in enclosed spaces to stop rust from starting and prevent existing rust from spreading. Stab. 30, 176179. Microbiol. Plastics Additives (1998) demonstrated that only 0.1% per year of the carbon that makes up the polymer is converted into CO2 by biodegradation under optimum laboratory conditions. Polym. Polyethylene terephthalate is one of the major synthetic petro-plastics (Figure 1) that is produced in very large amounts globally. A., Fernando, T., Mileski, G. J., and Aust, S. D. (1988). WebIn-house Engineers Cutting Edge Fabrication Facility Fast Turnarounds Affordable Solutions Contact Our Team Today! Rev. (2004). However, management of PET waste requires substantial degradation of the PET chains. Mar. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Degradation and stabilization of polyurethane elastomers, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.12.003. 91, 4451. The biodegradation of low-molecular weight urethane compounds by a strain of Exophiala jeanselmei. Microbial degradation and deterioration of polyethylene. Metab. Biochim. Biodegrad. Biochemistry 14, 28322840. Biodegradation of the PE plastic wastes by microbial isolates has been a major topic of research (Nowak et al., 2011; Kyaw et al., 2012; Gajendiran et al., 2016; Sen and Raut, 2016). Publ. Polym.

Phylogenetic relationships among bacteria, based on amino acid sequence homologies of petro-polymer degrading enzymes. Bumpus, J. Biotechnol. Improved enzymatic polyurethane hydrolysis by tuning enzymesorption. 105, 14661470. Int.

PS are extremely stable polymers with high molecular weight and strong hydrophobic character, which makes these polymers highly resistant to biodegradation (Albertsson and Karlsson, 1993; Ho et al., 2018). 161, 133144. R. ruber has been reported to form biofilms on PS and partially degrade it (Mor and Sivan, 2008). Brazilian Cerrado soil reveals an untapped microbial potential for unpretreated polyethylene biodegradation. 36, 10151049. These include hydroperoxide and carbonyl groups, as well as metal salts such as catalyst residues.

2, 200204. 42, 578586. Properties, synthesis, and applications. (2004). Int.

27, 292293. 43, 564570. View All Commercially Available Polymer Grades with Good UV Resistance! D1 from the guts of Wax Moth Galleria mellonella. Part US Patent No 5,015,760. Aerobic biodegradation of PE by bacteria occurs in four stages: (1) Biodeterioration, which is defined as formation of carbonyl-groups by the action of oxidative enzymes released by microorganisms or induced by exterior agents, like sunlight (ultra-violet) exposure. Polym. Mater. 133, 110.

103, 141146. Polym. doi: 10.1016/0964-8305(94)90030-2, Danso, D., Schmeisser, C., Chow, J., Zimmermann, W., Wei, R., Leggewie, C., et al. 130, 22822287. Microbial degradation of polyurethane is believed to be due to the action of esterase, urethanase, hydrolase and protease enzymes. The process is slow as most microbes have difficulty moving beyond the surface of the polymer. Tanzi et al. Stabilizers for protecting polymers against ozonolytic degradation are called antiozonants. Although the data and information contained in the Polymer Selector are believed Biomacromolecules 14, 17691776. Fusion of a PBM to the enzyme enhanced hydrolysis by 11-fold compared to the wild-type enzyme (Ribitsch et al., 2013). Microb. 40, 18011805. Characterization of a new extracellular hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca degrading aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters. (2009). Biodegradation and disintegration of expanded polystyrene by land snails Achatina fulica. Microbial degradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE): a review. About 335 million tons of plastics were manufactured worldwide in 2016 (Plastics Europe, 2017). doi: 10.1021/es201811s, Brueckner, T., Eberl, A., Heumann, S., Rabe, M., and Guebitz, G. M. (2008). (2017). Biodegrad. A., Noman, M., et al. Isolation and characterization of a bacterium which utilizes polyester polyurethane as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. doi: 10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00110-9, Zumstein, M. T., Rechsteiner, D., Roduner, N., Perz, V., Ribitsch, D., Guebitz, G. M., et al. Chem. doi: 10.1007/10_2010_87, Zuchowska, D., Hlavata, D., Steller, R., Adamiak, W., and Meissner, W. (1999). doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.043, Decker, C. (1984). YP1 from the gut of Plodia interpunctella (Indianmeal moth). Polypropylene (PP), expressed as CnH2n, is also the most widely used linear hydrocarbon polymers among the synthetic polymers. doi: 10.1007/s10529-006-9041-7, Allen, A. 46, 30603075. Biodegradation of expanded polystyrene and low-density polyethylene foams in larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): broad versus limited extent depolymerization and microbe-dependence versus independence. Challenges with verifying microbial degradation of polyethylene. . 95, 15421550. 143, 207212. Since aircraft coatings face outdoor exposure Sci. J. Chem. isolated from the gut of superworms (Larvae of Zophobas atratus). Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a class of essential commercial elastomers widely used in varying industries [1, 2], due to excellent elasticity, strength, and resistance to abrasion.Nevertheless, TPU suffers certain weakness, especially high fire hazard; once ignited, it emits a large amount of heat due to its cellular structure, AMB Express 4:44. doi: 10.1186/s13568-014-0044-9, Wei, R., and Zimmermann, W. (2017).
Petro-pastics are well known to be highly recalcitrant to natural biodegradation processes. The first step involves hydroxylation of C-C bonds to release primary or secondary alcohols, which are oxidized to ketones or aldehydes, and subsequently to hydrophilic carboxylic acids (Alvarez, 2003; Watanabe et al., 2003). Pyrolysis of PET resulted in terephthalate, which was used as feedstock for P. putida GO16 (Kenny et al., 2012). Biodegradation of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters by Thermomonospora fusca and other thermophilic compost isolates. Structural variations in PE polymers formed during polymerization and subsequent processing, such as unsaturated carboncarbon double bonds, carbonyl groups, and hydroperoxide groups (Ojeda et al., 2011) have been shown to be consumed first by the bacteria resulting in rapid growth. (2010).

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