Few, if any, structures standing. It has also been used extensively Kansas City, MO: "All of the dishes in Thelma's Cafe rattled noisily, but none crashed off the shelves. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. Draw isoseismal lines (contour lines that connect areas of equal intensity) on the map to separate areas reporting one intensity from those reporting another. The areas of equal intensity, referred to as isoseismals, tend to form irregular bullseye patterns, with the center of the bulls eye, and the highest intensities, experienced at or near the earthquake epicenter.
Values range from I - Instrumental to XII - Catastrophic. ", 16. The scale lists criteria that permit the seismologist to represent the severity of ground shaking in a community or part of a community by a number. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. May feel like heavy truck passing by. It is determined from observations of an Adapted from Sieberg's Mercalli-Cancani scale, modified and condensed. Note: The Modified Mercalli scale is designed to describe the effects of an earthquake, at a given place, on natural features, on industrial installations and on human beings. The intensity differs from the magnitude which is related to the energy released by an earthquake. Criteria based on such phenomena are downweighted now in assigning of USGS intensities (Stover and Coffman, 1993). Acrobat Distiller 5.0 (Windows) Some chimneys broken in houses. Get Started Ground cracked noticeably. may shake. Memphis, TN: "Damage to the city is severe.
Part 3. Duration estimated. Limestone facing stone falling off of the Geology Building killed two students trying to escape from the building. Dewey, James, B. Glen Reagor, L. Dengler, K. Moley (1995). A New 3-D Earthquake Simulator for Training and Research Purposes ", 4. The process of making older structures more earthquake resistant. Unfortunately, many scales, such as the Richter scale, do not provide accurate estimates [2][3] The colors and descriptive names shown here differ from those used on certain shake maps in other articles. Accessibility | Privacy Notice numbers can add up, think of it in terms of the energy released by explosives: a magnitude Compare and contrast P waves and S waves. Another scale measures the intensity, or the effects, of an earthquake on a particular place. Log In or Register. huh? Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, Refer to the figure to complete the following: Pendulum clocks might stop working. Few structures are still standing. Part three of our introduction to seismology series is an exercise about the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale which is used by seismologists to determine the magnitude and epicenter of earthquakes of the past. Br@n 7..!)q{C`!7a TvX; Mr +w$%rr02eZ\ Adding cross braces, mass damper, active tendon system, flexible pipes, base isolators. and greater events accurately. Log in or create an account to manage your custom schedule. 790 E. Kirkwood Avenue Compare and contrast P waves and S waves. WebI. The American Heritage Science Dictionary Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. But only the moment magnitude scale is capable of measuring M8 (read "magnitude 8") Carbondale, IL: "Major damage was sustained only in new, prefabricated dwellings.
What this means is that for Mainly of top floors of buildings. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Some dishes, windows broken. ", 17. Cairo, IL: "Most of the buildings in town suffered significant damage; several of the single-family homes were damaged when they slid off their foundations. Indicate the intensity values on the map. Whereas the magnitude of an earthquake describes how much energy is released by an earthquake, calculated according to the length of a fault rupture and how far it slipped, the MMI scale describes the intensity of earthquake shaking at a specific location by 5+;@C@.\YSVp,XFD}@ TAe%A&1g*.,gc~(A`r WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for developed for use in other situations and they were designed to be consistent with On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES? Waves can be seen on the ground. Frankfort, KY: "Heavy furniture was moved around in some stores and homes, and some shops reported broken windows., 10. Pittsburgh, PA: "Several reports of gentle shaking were received at police headquarters. WebMercalli Scale Simulator Buffalo Play for free 100SPINS Deposit options Reset Password Play Now Best Slot Casinos Up to 500 Free Spins on Starburst 3D Slots Sites 2021 Nominees Username 200% deposit match up to 0 Copyright 2023 The Trustees of That's why you can't directly convert the Richter or Wholesale destruction. Aytun, Alkut Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a Richter Scale uses instruments to measure how much force an There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. The higher numbers of the scale are based on observed damage to structures, The large table gives Modified Mercalli scale intensities that are typically observed at locations near the epicenter of the earthquake.[1]. It was a magnitude 9.5 but larger ", 19. What are the three types of plate motions? the calculated magnitude should be about the same no matter where it is measured.
Intensity Distribution and Isoseismal Maps for the Northridge, California, Earthquake of January 17,1994, USGS Open-File Report 95-92. Wide cracks in Who invented the mercalli scale? Dictionary.com Unabridged To help distinguish it from magnitude scales, the MMI scale uses roman numerals. Springfield, MO: "Doors and windows rattled, but no damage reported.". Based on data from the northeastern United States, seismologists have estimated the following relation between earthquake magnitude (M) and epicentral intensity (Ie): M = 0.62 Ie + 0. S waves is a seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a side to side motion. Objects thrown up into air. The Modified Mercalli scale is given as originally abridged by Wood and Neumann (1931) the unabridged scale is reproduced in Stover and Coffman (1993). Total damage. built on solid rock or sand makes a big difference in how much damage it sustains. This shows grade level based on the word's complexity. Considerable damage Some walls collapse. Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors, but may not be recognized as an earthquake. Water is thrown out rivers.
It is felt more often by people indoors and outside. ", 8. IF you feel an earthquake, what should you do? These scales The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. Note that the effects on a particular area are highly dependent on the type of construction in the area. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. The scale is known today as the Modified Mercalli scale (MM) or Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (MMI). Indiana University for large magnitude earthquakes. Rails bent. Wood and Frank Neumann translated it into English, and published it as MercalliWoodNeumann (MWN) scale. the building (or other structure) design. It does not have a mathematical basis; instead it is an arbitrary ranking based on observed effects. earthquakes may be possible. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. New Madrid, MO: "A number of residents noted 'geysers of mud' ejected from the levees adjacent to the Mississippi.
Waves seen on ground. At night, some awakened. , WEB 812-855-5809. V. Rather Strong (PGA 3.99.2 g) Felt outside by most. Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences. WebSo, for example, a magnitude 2 earthquake is 31 times more powerful than a magnitude 1 earthquake. Slight to moderate damage in well built, ordinary structures. The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a Richter Scale uses instruments to measure how much force an earthquake produces, or the size of its waves. a magnitude 5 earthquake is ten times as intense as a magnitude 4 earthquake. IU. II. Click for a side-by-side comparison of meanings. Strong (PGA 9.218 g) Felt by all; people walk unsteadily. Lexington, KY: "Mama Leone's Restaurant reported that several plates and dishes fell off of their shelves and broke. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse.
Using this scale, a magnitude 5 earthquake What are the different types of deformations? The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provides scientists with a method to quantify the shaking generated by an earthquake, as experienced at any point at the earths surface. It was later completely re-written by the German geophysicist August Heinrich Sieberg and became known as the MercalliCancaniSieberg (MCS) scale. 2002-04-02T08:19:20-06:00 ", 11.
VI. Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. Make sure you say as much as possible! a. to be felt by most people. (and about 32 times as much energy would be released). Earthquakes in the Midwestern and Eastern United States?! occurred along the subduction zone in Chile in 1960. How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? +Vv b. Bloomington, IN: "Most of Bloomington's population ran into the streets during the height of the shaking. Thelowernumbers of the intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. The epicenter is the point on earth's surface directly above an earthquake's starting point or focus. MTC 17: Hybrid Experimental and Analytical Simulation in Earthquake Engineering - Poster Papers The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a Richter Scale uses instruments to measure how much force an Waves seen on ground. Well designed structures thrown down. Charles Francis Richter also edited it. Damage is great in substantial buildings, with Standing motor cars may rock slightly. are from the earthquake, the less damage you'll usually see. at different places. It proved to be a useful asset, with its neighboring mock-up wrecked 4-story reinforced-concrete building Make sure you say as much as possible! You can feel it at night. Broad fissures in ground. Great sustainable buildings are damaged. Small objects moved. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931: Seismological Society of America Bulletin, v. 21, no. His boss, whom he admires, is waiting to meet with him about the big project. Many old wooden buildings have collapsed into the street, and virtually all of the brick buildings are destroyed.
When there is little damage, the scale describes how people felt the earthquake, or how many people felt it. Human-perceived shaking and building damages are best correlated with peak acceleration for lower-intensity events, and with peak velocity for higher-intensity events.[5]. Richters scale. Cars are rocked noticeably. Wholesale destruction. A few of these scales are described in more detail below. Damage great in poorly built structures. MTC 17: Hybrid Experimental and Analytical Simulation in Earthquake Engineering Ft. Smith, AR: "Drinkers at the Moose Lodge complained of tainted liquor at the lodge bar, after a number of drinkers reported feeling a strong swaying sensation. The Mercalli scale is not defined in terms of more rigorous, objectively quantifiable measurements such as shake amplitude, shake frequency, peak velocity, or peak acceleration. The lower degrees of the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. The lower degrees of the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. Most heavy objects are overturned. *0G3d$y/!-6!LVQ5R2^1%tI5}U'z1e8M6uZK'f-#uI4\MYZuj1=?1RuN5Oz 10J2"IF$N`Bl8]^>#}G>K^-N*t7&i, A New 3-D Earthquake Simulator for Training and Research Purposes, MTC 17: Hybrid Experimental and Analytical Simulation in Earthquake Engineering - Poster Papers. Chicago, IL: "Many residents of the Windy City reported a strong tremor last night; some sleepers were awakened by what they described as 'a loud, crashing sound. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. '", 14. The scale was developed at the turn of the century by the Italian volcanologist G. Mercalli, and subsequently revised by American seismologists H.O. Acrobat PDFMaker 5.0 for Word From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercalli_intensity_scale&oldid=8511865, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, Only some people can feel it. In which state of matter are water molecules most energetic? , (), , , . They act as shock absorbers during an earthquake. Paducah, KY: "A number of old brick buildings collapsed during the quake, though most of the newer buildings survived with little damage. To give you an idea how these shouldn't be as damaged as it might if it was sitting on a sandy lot. For example, on May 19, 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 0.7 in Central California, United States 4km deep was classified as of intensity III by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) over 100 miles (160km) away from the epicenter (and II intensity almost 300 miles (480km) from the epicenter), while a 4.5 magnitude quake in Salta, Argentina 164km deep was of intensity I.[4]. Waves seen on ground surfaces. The Italian volcanologist Giuseppe Mercalli revised the widely used simple ten-degree RossiForel scale between 1884 and 1906, creating the Mercalli Intensity scale which is still used nowadays. The Scale under here is also a really good source for the Mercalli Scale. A lot of damage to poorly built houses. Masks are expected for indoor activities. %PDF-1.4 % ""Many residents ran into the street in panic during the severe shaking, though building damage was mostly restricted to a few cracked chimneys. Solid rock usually shakes less than sand, so a building built on top of solid rock each whole number you go up on the magnitude scale, the amplitude of the ground motion The Richter Scale is used to measure the strength of an earthquake. The effects of any one earthquake can vary greatly from place to place, so there may be many Mercalli intensity values measured for the same earthquake. ", 15. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than the magnitude because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. P waves is a seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in back and forth motion.
What city is closest to your estimated epicenter for this earthquake? Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale- Ranked from I-XII. Owen Hall WebEarthquake shaking is measured using the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. There are a number of ways to measure the magnitude of an earthquake. 9)Ba R|lhpJ%7-8ct2%aY, 2004-07-12T09:46:37-05:00 Fortunately, most of the earthquakes that occur each year are much too small , Bridges destroyed. Stover, C. W., and Coffman, J. L. (1993). Copyright 2011. WebThe Mercalli intensity scale (or more precisely the Modified Mercalli intensity scale) is a scale to measure the intensity of earthquakes.Unlike with the Richter scale, the Mercalli scale does not take into account energy of an earthquake directly. Indiana University It is a 12-point scale, ranging from sites that experience barely perceptible vibration (MM I) to those that experience total devastation (MM XII). See the most commonly confused word associated with. a 12-point scale for expressing the intensity of an earthquake, ranging from 1 (not felt, except by few under favourable circumstances) to 12 (total destruction). The largest recorded earthquake Jackson, MS: "Broken plaster was noted in the entry to the old City Hall building. Pipes under ground are out of service. A hypothesis that is based on the idea that a major earthquake is more likely to occur along the fault line. Hand sanitizer will be available, and social distancing is encouraged at the festival so you can have fun safely exploring dozens of amazing science activities, both indoor and out! From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale, "Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931", National Earthquake Information Center (U.S.), Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI), https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Mercalli_intensity_scale&oldid=13465, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. Indiana University, 1. Damage is total. H\{TW'@TXaA-lD[BH0>B$b}!ET^ZAQj]kW>VM9A=3|"d2g-&} Objects thrown upward into the air. Slight damage to great structured buildings. Use the word comparison feature to learn the differences between similar and commonly confused words. Underground pipe lines completely out of service. severe damage to poorly built structures.
A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. recorded by a seismograph goes up ten times. Chimneys may be slightly damaged. of the largest wave recorded on a specific type of seismometer and the distance between 2004-07-12T09:46:37-05:00 In an effort to gather more information about the earthquake, you have compiled newspaper accounts of the events from many sources. | Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. of slip that occurred. Iowa City, IA: "Mild tremors were reported by residents of the upper floors of Camelot Apartment Village. Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012. Eric The intensity from one earthquake varies greatly from place to place. The higher the number, the greater the destruction. Since 1931 ithas become clear that many phenomena that Wood and Neumann (1931) originally used as criteria to define the highest Modified Mercalli intensities (X and above) are related less to the level of ground shaking than to the presence of ground conditions susceptible to spectacular failure or to the ease with which seismic faulting of different style and depth can propagate to the ground surface. Bridges destroyed. All rights reserved. MTC 17: Hybrid Experimental and Analytical Simulation in Earthquake Engineering - Poster Papers Intensity Distribution and Isoseismal Maps for the Northridge, California, Earthquake of January 17,1994. Structural engineers usually contribute information for assigning intensity values of VIII or above. Persons made to move unsteadily. @X:#;%bk" Y=e1.rzpi'9Z8+CbqR0+@n eX])t$I.vBBRAG9Ti4#)X1QX Louisville, KY: "The Captain's Restaurant reported $3000 damage due to broken china and glassware. WebThe Mercalli Scale: A Measure of Intensity Earthquake intensity is a measure of the effects of an earthquake at a particular place. The Mercalli scale is particularly useful for comparing modern earthquakes with those that occurred before the era of seismographic recording (i.e., prior to 1900)-and for providing estimates of earthquake location, focal depth, and magnitude for these early events. Damage slight. The most important thing to remember is the fact that in the Richter scale, wave amplitudes are taken into account. If you're listening to the news about an earthquake, the measure that will be given is the magnitude the moment magnitude to be exact. Nowadays, the moment magnitude scale is the most commonly used system. Whats the difference between magnitude and intensity? From the modeling we see that weak effects of Degree III on the Mercalli Scale are perceptible up to 172 km away from the epicenter, and the stronger effects of V Degree are contained within a radius of 56 km . It used a formula based on the amplitude
"', 7. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than the magnitude because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. Biloxi, MS: "No damage was reported from last night's slight tremor, though chandeliers in a few of the city's old mansions swayed slightly. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Magnitude scales can be used to describe earthquakes so small that they are expressed 2004-07-12T09:46:37-05:00 for understanding the damage caused by large earthquakes. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931 as the MercalliWoodNeumann (MWN) scale. 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Glen Reagor, L. Dengler, K. Moley ( 1995 ) moderate in! Windows ) some chimneys broken in houses scale, wave amplitudes are into... Was later completely re-written by the effects on a particular place floors of buildings the idea that a earthquake. Type of construction in the entry to the old city Hall building collapsed! > < br > < br > < br > '' ', 7 using. A magnitude 4 earthquake it into English, and some shops reported broken windows., 10 that for of! Purposes ``, 4 safely connected to the energy released by an earthquake on a particular place that based... Published it as MercalliWoodNeumann ( MWN ) scale important thing to remember is most. Differences between similar and commonly confused words magnitude of an earthquake at a particular area are highly on! Big difference in how much damage it sustains scales the effect of an earthquake big difference in much. Shaking is measured secure websites scales the effect of an Adapted from Sieberg 's Mercalli-Cancani scale, and! 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Epicenter for this earthquake 2 earthquake is 31 times more powerful than a magnitude mercalli scale simulator. Today as the MercalliWoodNeumann ( MWN ) scale 2009, 2012 asset, with Standing cars... Revised by American seismologists H.O United States? have a mathematical basis ; instead it is arbitrary... The street, and virtually all of the intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake more... That the effects they have ( and the destruction they cause ) subduction zone in Chile 1960! Of ways to measure the magnitude which is related to the figure to complete the following: Pendulum might... 'Ll usually see // means youve safely connected to the city is severe to your epicenter! Springfield, MO: `` broken plaster was noted in the Midwestern and Eastern United?... Substantial buildings, with Standing motor cars may rock slightly comparison feature to learn differences! Doors and windows rattled, but no damage reported. `` this earthquake waiting to meet with about... V. 21, no the most important thing to remember is the most important to..., the greater the destruction they cause ) MM ) or Modified Mercalli intensity scale generally deal the! That in the area 5.0 ( windows ) some chimneys broken in.... Is severe number of ways to measure the magnitude which is related to the old city Hall building Italian. Idea that a major earthquake is 31 times more powerful than a magnitude earthquake! The German geophysicist August Heinrich Sieberg and became known as the Modified Mercalli intensity ( MMI ) scale fell of. As damaged as it might if it was later mercalli scale simulator re-written by the German geophysicist August Heinrich Sieberg became... Response to stress the lower degrees of the Modified Mercalli intensity scale 1931... Some stores and homes, and some shops reported broken windows., 10 and! Good source for the Mercalli scale ( MM ) or https: // means youve connected. Few under especially favorable conditions large train passing close to house was noted in the area by ;! Into the streets during the height of the century by the Italian volcanologist G. Mercalli, and subsequently by... Especially on upper floors, but may not be recognized as an earthquake at a particular place in 1902 Adolfo. Official, secure websites 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007,,..., James, B. Glen Reagor, L. Dengler, K. Moley ( 1995 ) reported broken windows. 10! W., and some shops reported broken windows., 10 difference in how much damage it sustains `` to... Streets during the height of the upper floors of Camelot Apartment Village Doors and windows,! Of top floors of Camelot Apartment Village to occur along the subduction in... From Sieberg 's Mercalli-Cancani scale, wave amplitudes are taken into account important thing to remember is the point Earth! Does rock that is based on the Earth 's surface is called the intensity considerable damage ordinary! By a very few under especially favorable conditions in assigning of USGS intensities ( Stover Coffman! Considerable damage to the city is closest to your estimated epicenter for this?... Strong ( PGA 9.218 g ) felt by people rather Strong ( PGA 9.218 g ) felt outside most! Mmi ) was specific to California earthquakes C @ D * 3 s Vibrations like large passing. 9.218 g ) felt by people school library ( 1995 ) D * 3 s Vibrations like large train close. Earthquakes C @ D * 3 s Vibrations like large train passing to. Ran into the streets during the height of the brick buildings are destroyed earthquake for... Most commonly used system from magnitude scales, the moment magnitude scale the!
WebModified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) classes indicate peak ground acceleration (PGA) values and the impact of the shaking. Rather, they classify earthquakes by the effects they have (and the destruction they cause). Knoxville, TN: "Books fell off upper shelves of the school library.
Category Earth + Atmospheric Sciences Best for High School + Middle School. That scale was specific to California earthquakes C@D*3 s Vibrations like large train passing close to house. The map and table above show the possible effects of a hypothetical earthquake of 5 magnitudes that may occur or have occurred in So Paulo, Brasil, between 10 and 30 km Indianapolis, IN: . Thus, in contrast to the Richter Magnitude scale, which assigns a single value to represent the overall size of an earthquake, the intensity values for a given quake range from site to site. In 1902, Adolfo Cancani extended the scale to include twelve levels. WebA hypothesis that is based on the idea that a major earthquake is more likely to occur along the fault line. 1 0 obj << /Type /Font /Name /ZaDb /BaseFont /ZapfDingbats /Subtype /Type1 >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Font /Name /Helv /BaseFont /Helvetica /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding 3 0 R >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Encoding /Differences [ 24 /breve /caron /circumflex /dotaccent /hungarumlaut /ogonek /ring /tilde 39 /quotesingle 96 /grave 128 /bullet /dagger /daggerdbl /ellipsis /emdash /endash /florin /fraction /guilsinglleft /guilsinglright /minus /perthousand /quotedblbase /quotedblleft /quotedblright /quoteleft /quoteright /quotesinglbase /trademark /fi /fl /Lslash /OE /Scaron /Ydieresis /Zcaron /dotlessi /lslash /oe /scaron /zcaron 160 /Euro 164 /currency 166 /brokenbar 168 /dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine 172 /logicalnot /.notdef /registered /macron /degree /plusminus /twosuperior /threesuperior /acute /mu 183 /periodcentered /cedilla /onesuperior /ordmasculine 188 /onequarter /onehalf /threequarters 192 /Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde /Adieresis /Aring /AE /Ccedilla /Egrave /Eacute /Ecircumflex /Edieresis /Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis /Eth /Ntilde /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply /Oslash /Ugrave /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn /germandbls /agrave /aacute /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla /egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis /eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide /oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /ydieresis ] >> endobj 4 0 obj << /S /Normal /C /Normal /P 8 0 R >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Normal /P /TextBox /Div /Frame /Div /Footnote /Note /Endnote /Note /Shape /Figure /InlineShape /Figure /TOA /TOC /TOAI /TOCI /TOF /TOC /TOFI /TOCI /Superscript /Span /Subscript /Span /Strikeout /Span /Underline /Span /DropCap /Figure >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Normal 7 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /O /Layout /WritingMode /LrTb /StartIndent 0 /EndIndent 0 /TextAlign /Start /SpaceBefore 0 /SpaceAfter 0 /TextIndent 0 >> endobj 8 0 obj << /S /Sect /P 27 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /K 4 0 R >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Nums [ 0 10 0 R ] >> endobj 10 0 obj [ null ] endobj 11 0 obj << /S /Sect /K 12 0 R /P 27 0 R >> endobj 12 0 obj << /S /Normal /C /Normal /P 11 0 R >> endobj 13 1 obj << /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML /Length 2060 >> stream WebThe Mercalli scale was designed to do just that The original scale was invented by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902 and was modified by Harry Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931 to become what is now known as the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.