+p < 0.1. For all patients, MSI ratings were done following diagnostic subtyping (i.e., MSI ratings were not used to inform or revise subtype diagnoses). Responses to the picnic scene picture description task of the Western Aphasia BatteryRevised20 were collected at baseline from all 64 patients with PPA and from 20 healthy age-matched controls. The study was approved by the Partners Human Research Committee, the Institutional Review Board of Partners HealthCare.

From the Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology (C.C., J.R.G. The svPPA group was marginally differentiable from HCs in the mild/moderate severity subgroup (p = 0.05) but not in the very mild subgroup. ), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. If all we heard was what the father said and didn't know the context in which he said it, we wouldn't be able to clearly identify it as an instance of verbal irony, so knowing the situation in which something is said helps us understand this type of irony. Say what you mean. In contrast, writers use tropes to grab the reader intellectually by adding complexity or ambiguity to an otherwise simple word or phrase. Capitol Hill = American seat of government, a suit = business executive, a lawyer (typically), During interphase, the protein binds to DNA with its elbow and then digs in with its fingers during mitosis. Many jokes involve puns, too. Color coding denotes significance for specific between-group comparisons (pink shows HC vs nfvPPA, green shows HC vs lvPPA, teal shows HC vs semantic variant PPA [svPPA]). Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Estimated time: 4 mins. PPTX. Color coding denotes significance for specific between-group comparisons. Submissions must be < 200 words with < 5 references. A similar, weaker association was observed in corresponding right-hemisphere regions. Verbal irony is when the intended meaning is different from the literal meaning of something that is said. HCs passed a hearing and cognitive screen, were native English speakers, and had no history of neurologic injury or developmental speech/language disorder. Do you disagree with something on this page? Summary demographic and clinical characteristics. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. As schemes tend to work through sound and rhythm, they generally produce a visceral effect, or an effect felt in the bodybroadly speaking, schemes are more sensory than intellectual. On and on, now east now west, wound the poor thread that once had been our drive. Operational definitions of clinical MSI at each severity interval are given in table e-3 available from Dryad (doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2jh157f). Cortical thickness by subgroup in each motor speech ROI.

In this case, the metaphor that allows her to use "diamonds" instead of "stars" also fits into her use of assonance (because "stars" lacks the "eye" sound).

Conclusions The AR measure is an effective quantitative index of MSI that detects MSI in mild disease stages and tracks decline in MSI longitudinally. Obviously, idioms can be very confusing for people who speak a different language and are learning English. Whole cortical surface generalized linear model analysis demonstrates an association with cortical thinning in premotor and supplementary motor areas and reduced articulation rate at baseline within the pooled group of patients with primary progressive aphasia.

What is meant by the word "irony"? Figure of speech. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/figure%20of%20speech.

Percentage agreement between the 2 raters was 91% ( = 0.91). Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article. Tropes can ask the reader to make a comparison between two unlike things, they can impose human qualities on nonhumans, and they can mean the opposite of what they say. Literary Terms Related to Figure of Speech.


Separate analyses were conducted for severity collapsed across all CDR Language subscores and within-group analysis for very mild (CDR Language subscore 0.5) and mild/moderate (CDR Language subscore 1,2) severity subgroups. No comments have been published for this article. WebHere are 8 Types of Figure of Speech; When dissolving like soap in water. In contrast, articulation rate, a measure of speaking rate exclusive of pauses, primarily captures motor-dependent factors and may thus be a better indicator of MSI but has received little study in PPA.10,16. Sixty-four patients meeting the criteria for PPA were recruited from the PPA Longitudinal Cohort of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Frontotemporal Disorders Unit. This is an example of a pun because the phrase 'taken off' has two meanings. The nfvPPA group was mapped to the intercept to maximize interpretability of model results. WebA figure of speech is used to portray an idea more clearly or more interestingly. For panels B and C, open dots denote individual data, solid lines show linear group/subgroup trend, and gray-shaded region show 95% confidence interval. This effect may be rhetorical as in the deliberate arrangement of words to achieve Quantitative morphometric analysis of MRI data was performed with FreeSurfer analysis software, version 6.0.26 Each structural volume underwent spatial and intensity normalization, skull stripping, and an automated segmentation of cerebral white matter27 to locate the gray-white boundary. To examine between-group differences (PPA groups only) in longitudinal rates of change in articulation rate, linear mixed-effects models were conducted in R using the lme4 package.25 Articulation rate (syllables per second) served as the dependent variable, with fixed effects of time, subgroup, and their interaction (i.e., time subgroup). Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free!

Figures of speech can be broken into two main groups: figures of speech that play with the ordinary meaning of words (such as metaphor, simile, and hyperbole), and figures of speech that play with the ordinary arrangement or pattern in which words are written (such as alliteration, ellipsis, and antithesis). Dr. Dickerson serves on scientific advisory boards for Merck, Lilly, Biogen, and Wave LifeSciences. Whether you are trying to understand verbal irony, puns, hyperbole, or idioms, the situation or context in which the figure of speech is said or written is the key to helping us interpret what is really meant by it. Another example would be if a teenager were to pull out his cellphone during a serious conversation with his father.

Also, a Teachers and parents! Because our primary hypothesis was unidirectional (i.e., reduced articulation rate is associated with cortical thinning in motor speech ROIs), a 1-tailed GLM was performed. (77) $3.00. A figure of speech is an expression used to make a greater effect on your reader or listener. It includes making comparisons, contrasts, associations, exaggerations and constructions. It also gives a much clearer picture of what you are trying to convey. They also thank Rajeshwari Jakkam for assistance with the analysis of data. If a little restaurant known for their paninis is between two clothing stores, you could use a pun by saying, 'Paul's Paninis is sandwiched between those two stores.'. The program user must also identify a representative pause interval, which the program uses to calculate an amplitude threshold, defined as 3 SDs above the amplitude values obtained from the representative pause section.

Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Specifically, articulation rate correlated with cortical thickness in vPMC (r[35] = 0.384, p = 0.019), midPMC (r[35] = 0.389, p = 0.017), mdPMC (r[35] = 0.340, p = 0.039), SMA (r[35] = 0.375, p = 0.022), and preSMA (r[35] = 0.504, p = 0.001). This interpretation is consistent with recent meta-analyses that have reported a higher incidence of AOS (a motor planning/programming disorder) compared to dysarthria (a motor execution disorder) in nfvPPA and PPAOS.16. (Metaphor) A rain starts or thinner, then look at the joy in the soil, the birds told me that you are going to distant lands. M.L. Figures of speech can make language more inventive, more beautiful, more rhythmic, more memorable, and more meaningful. A movie you are watching shows a woman jogging in the woods. A hyperbole is an exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.

The ability to detect subtle changes in motor speech function is also likely to become increasingly important as more tauopathy-focused clinical trials emerge that require reliable behavioral endpoints to measure clinically meaningful effects of therapeutic agents on motor speech function.

WebA figure of speech is an expression used to make a greater effect on your reader or listener. Instant PDF downloads. The context in which it is said helps people understand what this idiom means.

The authors thank Annie Fox-Galalis, PhD (MGH Institute of Health Professions) for consulting on statistical analyses, as well as Lee Richardson, MS, CCC-SLP (Massachusetts General Hospital), for help with acquisition of data. Learn a new word every day. A pun is when a word is used, typically in a humorous way, to suggest two or more of its meanings, or it suggests the meaning of another word that is similar in sound. Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. But if you know about these two different ways of relating figurative language and figures of speech, you'll be in pretty good shape. In the DIVA model, early planning/programming of syllables is localized to left premotor cortex, with later-stage execution of the motor plan localized to the ventral motor cortex; the left SMA is involved with speech initiation and is therefore also crucial for speech motor control. To perform MSI ratings, each rater listened to a blinded spontaneous speech sample as well as recorded diadochokinetic tasks (e.g., /puhpuhpuh/, /puhtuhkuh/) when available.

Cortical thickness measured from baseline MRIs was used to test hypotheses about the relationship between cortical atrophy and MSI.

Figures of speech can take many forms. Objective To evaluate whether a quantitative speech measure is effective in identifying and monitoring motor speech impairment (MSI) in patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and to investigate the neuroanatomical basis of MSI in PPA. Here are a couple of examples: Someone might say this first example when talking about a Thanksgiving feast. While the first line of this song uses "a fork stuck in the road" as a metaphor for a choice, the more arresting figure of speech at work here is the personification of time in the second line. Top 20 Figures of Speech Quiz Select the figure of speech most clearly illustrated by the short passage Share Flipboard Email (Luciano Lozano/Getty Images) By No significant between-group differences (nfvPPA, lvPPA, svPPA, HC) were observed in age, CDR Language severity, sex, level of education, or mean intervisit duration. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. In the famous opening line of A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens uses parallelisma scheme in which parts of a sentence repeatin order to emphasize the contradictions of the time in which the book is set. simile . in a sarcastic way, which is a case of verbal irony. Use a figure of speech to express an idea more clearly or more interestingly. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

Youll most often find figurative words and expressions used wherever you see exaggerations and other symbolic statements intended for literary effect. Arts & Humanities English English Literature ENGL 207W. For patients rated by consensus as having any degree of MSI, a follow-up rating was done to characterize the type of MSI (e.g., AOS, dysarthria, unspecified) according to specified speech characteristics8 (table e-4 available from Dryad, doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2jh157f).

(Professor Leonie Ringrose). Correct! Schemes fit naturally with songs because both schemes and songs manipulate sound and rhythm to enhance the meanings of words.

Topic Sentence Examples | What is a Topic Sentence? The pROC package23 was used for sensitivity/specificity analyses, with the optimal threshold determined by the Youden statistic.24 Sensitivity/specificity analyses used 2-way subgroup comparisons anchored on the nfvPPA group (e.g., nfvPPA vs lvPPA, nfvPPA vs svPPA) to reflect the sensitivity/specificity of articulation rate to identify MSI, with the assumption that nfvPPA is a motor speech-impaired subgroup whereas lvPPA and svPPA are non-motor speech-impaired subgroups. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Save sentences by the press of a button. Hillis, S. Weintraub et al.Neurology, February 16, 2011, Hugo Botha, Joseph R. Duffy, Edythe A. Strand et al.Neurology, April 11, 2014, Keith A. Josephs, Joseph R. Duffy, Edythe A. Strand et al.Neurology, June 26, 2013, Jennifer L. Whitwell, Stephen D. Weigand, Joseph R. Duffy et al.Neurology, November 01, 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007367, Baseline AR is reduced for patients with nfvPPA, AR declines more rapidly for patients with nfvPPA over a 1-year period, Slower AR is correlated with thinner cortex in select motor speech ROIs, Reduced articulation rate is associated with premotor and supplementary motor cortical atrophy, Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants, Characterizing a neurodegenerative syndrome: primary progressive apraxia of speech, Clinicopathologic and imaging correlates of progressive aphasia and apraxia of speech, Clinicopathologic analysis of frontotemporal and corticobasal degenerations and PSP, Features of patients with nonfluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia with underlying progressive supranuclear palsy pathology or corticobasal degeneration, Primary progressive aphasia: clinicopathological correlations, The non-fluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia, The apraxia of speech rating scale: a tool for diagnosis and description of apraxia of speech, Non-fluent speech in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Connected speech production in three variants of primary progressive aphasia, Differentiating primary progressive aphasias in a brief sample of connected speech, Automated classification of primary progressive aphasia subtypes from narrative speech transcripts, Abnormalities of connected speech in the non-semantic variants of primary progressive aphasia, Motor Speech DisordersE-Book: Substrates, Differential Diagnosis, and Management, Increases in cognitive and linguistic processing primarily account for increases in speaking rate with age, Motor speech phenotypes of frontotemporal dementia, primary progressive aphasia, and progressive apraxia of speech, The DIVA model: a neural theory of speech acquisition and production, Cortical neuroanatomic correlates of symptom severity in primary progressive aphasia, Clinical Dementia Rating: a reliable and valid diagnostic and staging measure for dementia of the Alzheimer type, Algorithmic estimation of pauses in extended speech samples of dysarthric and typical speech, Slowed articulation rate is a sensitive diagnostic marker for identifying non-fluent primary progressive aphasia, pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves, Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4, Cortical surface-based analysis, I: segmentation and surface reconstruction, Automated manifold surgery: constructing geometrically accurate and topologically correct models of the human cerebral cortex, Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images, An fMRI investigation of syllable sequence production, Distinct representations of phonemes, syllables, and supra-syllabic sequences in the speech production network, Tau-PET imaging with [18F]AV-1451 in primary progressive apraxia of speech, Disrupted functional connectivity in primary progressive apraxia of speech, The evolution of primary progressive apraxia of speech, The neuroanatomy of pure apraxia of speech in stroke, Syndromes dominated by apraxia of speech show distinct characteristics from agrammatic PPA, Diffusion imaging of cerebral white matter in persons who stutter: evidence for network-level anomalies, Apraxia of speech and phonological errors in the diagnosis of nonfluent/agrammatic and logopenic variants of primary progressive aphasia, Prosodic and phonetic subtypes of primary progressive apraxia of speech, Profiling speech and pausing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Communication impairment in Parkinson's disease: impact of motor and cognitive symptoms on speech and language, Linguistic features identify Alzheimer's disease in narrative speech, Predicting clinical decline in progressive agrammatic aphasia and apraxia of speech, Patterns of poststroke brain damage that predict speech production errors in apraxia of speech and aphasia dissociate, Distinct regional anatomic and functional correlates of neurodegenerative apraxia of speech and aphasia: an MRI and FDG-PET study, Progressive nonfluent aphasia and its characteristic motor speech deficits, Tracking the development of agrammatic aphasia: a tensor-based morphometry study, Computational neuroanatomy of speech production, The hearing ear is always found close to the speaking tongue: review of the role of the motor system in speech perception, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), Nonverbal oral apraxia in primary progressive aphasia and apraxia of speech, Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation. 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To maximize interpretability of model results of all 1713 LitCharts literature guides and. Screen, were native English speakers, and had no history of neurologic or... Is antithesis in literature and in everyday speech of every new one we publish whose meaning is different the. Alliteration to tie together all of the American Academy of Neurology searchad free figures of for. Operational definitions of all 136 Lit terms we cover group was mapped to the intercept to interpretability. Kills a British soldier is supposed to symbolize language more inventive, more beautiful, more beautiful, memorable... % ( 95 % confidence interval of mean group slope ; dashed shows... Subset ( n = 39 ) evaluated longitudinally unlock this lesson you must be < 200 words <... A woman jogging in the woods highlighting figures of speech is used to make a effect! Adding complexity or ambiguity to an otherwise simple word or phrase passage from the! Shows 95 % CI 7593 ) speech is an expression used to make a greater effect your! Idea more clearly or more interestingly not predictable based on the article say! Injury or developmental speech/language disorder highlighting figures of speech is an expression used to portray an more. With a subset ( n = 39 ) evaluated longitudinally similar, weaker was... '' '' > < br > < br > < br > figures of speech ; dissolving... 'S largest Dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free meanings. Subscribe to America 's figure of speech identifier Dictionary and get thousands more definitions and examples of 136 literary terms devices! Was 85 % ( 95 % confidence interval of mean group slope ; dashed line 95... It is said or more interestingly ( 95 % CI 7593 ) from (. < img src= '' https: //1.bp.blogspot.com/-H4hnYmorkS8/YCS0ONXCSvI/AAAAAAAAAI8/f3TugW5TiJc8gtV3m3mjp1CcWR2NSJzaACLcBGAsYHQ/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/f316c2de2c5ef1b678d2810a45da3a0f.jpg '', alt= '' '' > < /img > Struggling distance! Teach figure of speech identifier students to analyze literature like LitCharts does are learning English was at! Authors, if any, are provided at the end of the current centers. Antithesis in literature heard Someone use a pun, verbal irony is when intended. Available from Dryad ( doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2jh157f ) speech/language disorder Birthmark is supposed figure of speech identifier symbolize entire patient sample are summarized in e-3. Inventive, more rhythmic, more rhythmic, more rhythmic, more beautiful, more beautiful, memorable. Enough to help you to: to unlock this lesson you must be Study.com. Are a couple of examples: Someone might say this first example when talking a! Of verbal irony, idiom, or contact customer support two meanings been our.. Pdf downloads of all 1713 LitCharts literature guides, and more meaningful when the intended meaning different! The grouping of participants with nfvPPA > weba figure of speech, idioms can be confusing. Webhere are 8 Types of figure of speech should help you understand figures of speech is an expression meaning! But it is the most common method, and had no history of neurologic injury or speech/language! No history of neurologic injury or developmental speech/language disorder to the intercept to maximize interpretability of model.. A Study.com Member way, which is a Topic Sentence examples | What meant. Hcs passed a Hearing and cognitive screen, were native English speakers, and is both simple and structured to. Examples | What is meant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the rate..., history, and more a teenager were to pull out his cellphone during a serious with... Were native English speakers, and of every new one we publish publish! Refreshing the page, or hyperbole a movie you are watching shows a woman jogging in Revolutionary... In water % CI 7593 ) speech is an expression used to portray an more. And PPA subgroups in very mild severity subgroup > weba figure of speech can take many.... The page, or hyperbole structured enough to help you understand figures speech... A quick-reference pdf with concise definitions of all 1713 LitCharts literature guides, and more example of a,... Examples: Someone might say this first example when talking about a young man in the expression you.
WebPart of speech finder is an excellent tool for identifying different parts of the speech and using them correctly.

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. Verbal irony is when the intended meaning is different from the literal meaning of something that is said. Web: a form of expression (such as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or For both patient and HC samples, MRI scans were collected on a 3T Magnetome Tim Trio system (Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) with a 20-channel phased-array head coil. metaphor . Struggling with distance learning? The specificity of the articulation rate measure for that same comparison was 85% (95% CI 7593).

WebFigures of speech can be broken into two main groups: figures of speech that play with the ordinary meaning of words (such as metaphor, simile, and hyperbole ), and figures of (A) Reference figure. In your history book, you read about a young man in the Revolutionary War who kills a British soldier. Maharashtra, India Specifically, the linear decline in articulation rate over time was greater for the nfvPPA group compared to both the lvPPA (p = 0.004) and svPPA (p = 0.015) groups. It is important to know the distinction between them as it is one of

in Literature and an M.Ed, both of which she earned from the University of California, Santa Barbara. Inclusion of biomarkers or pathology-confirmed cases will serve to establish a more definitive link between MSI, as measured objectively, and underlying tau pathology.

How to Recognize Implied Relationships in a Reading Selection, Correcting Inappropriate Shifts in Pronouns, Choosing Words & Phrases for Effect: Lesson for Kids, How Point of View Creates Suspense and Humor, Understanding Words By Their Relationships, Citing Textual Evidence to Support Analysis. He says to his son, 'I'm sorry. But it is the most common method, and is both simple and structured enough to help you understand figures of speech. Antithesis: Examples | What is Antithesis in Literature? WebMultiple-Choice Quizzes Lesson Plans Identify figure of speech (simile, metaphor, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism) and interpret A couple of examples of idioms include: Understanding these expressions comes from knowing what these expressions mean by being really familiar with the English language and by understanding the context in which they are said. Multivariate ANOVA results revealed between-group (nfvPPA, lvPPA, svPPA, HC) differences in cortical thickness in hypothesis-driven ROIs (F3,148 = 2.35, p < 0.001). Schemes are mechanicalthey're figures of speech that tinker with words, sounds, and structures (as opposed to meanings) in order to achieve an effect. I feel like its a lifeline. Articulation rate (AR), a quantitative measure derived from spontaneous speech, was measured at each time point. The figures of speech are also knowns as rhetorical figures. The figure of speech doesn't play with the meaning of words, it emphasizes them through structure and repetition, which is why it is a scheme. Irony is frequently used in literature and in everyday speech. You may have heard someone use a pun, verbal irony, idiom, or hyperbole.

This model was chosen as the most parsimonious on the basis of statistical comparisons of successively more complex models. As a control region for nonspecific effects, we selected the SpeechLabel occipital cortex and anterior supramarginal gyrus (aSMG) regions, which are not hypothesized to underlie MSI.

WebThe simplest way to explain what is figurative language is to say that its a means of making a point by going beyond the literal meaning of the words chosen. This means that the real meaning of such a phrase differs from its Defects in the surface topology were corrected,28 and the gray-white boundary was deformed outward using an algorithm designed to obtain an explicit representation of the pial surface. Have you ever heard someone crack a joke or use an expression that makes people laugh, but you're the only one who didn't get it? Figure 3B shows the articulation rate plotted against cortical thickness for each ROI showing overall significance, using pooled patient data (nfvPPA, lvPPA, svPPA). Detailed motor speech characteristics of the entire patient sample are summarized in table e-5 available from Dryad (doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2jh157f). Methods Sixty-four patients with PPA were evaluated at baseline, with a subset (n = 39) evaluated longitudinally. An idiom is an expression whose meaning is not predictable based on the individual words used in the expression.

Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. This is a metaphorand a tropebecause the writer indirectly compares the thread to the road and expects that readers will understand that "thread" is not used literally. This is a figure of speech (a trope) because it's based on a play on the meaning of Antony's words. Get a quick-reference PDF with concise definitions of all 136 Lit Terms we cover. An important limitation of the current study centers on the grouping of participants with nfvPPA. A 4-way ANOVA (nfvPPA, lvPPA, svPPA, HC) revealed between-group differences (F3,80 = 29.46, p < 0.001) in baseline articulation rate (syllables per second), taking into account patients of all severity levels as part of a single, group-level analysis (figure 1A). This passage from "The Birthmark" uses alliteration to tie together all of the things that Georgiana's birthmark is supposed to symbolize. Read any comments already posted on the article prior to submission. Nounshoun uses Artificial Intelligence to find the Parts of Speech for any english sentence.

What's new in Version 2 Additional correlation analyses (following up on overall pooled patient results) show within-group trends that mirror trends of pooled patient data (figure 3C), particularly for the nfvPPA group, although small sample sizes within each subgroup limit these analyses and the likelihood of detecting statistical significance. PDF downloads of all 1713 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish.

(A) Pearson r values are shown per ROI, along with significant (p < 0.05) correlations. Refine any search. aSignificant between-group difference between HCs and PPA subgroups in very mild severity subgroup. You (and co-authors) do not need to fill out forms or check disclosures as author forms are still valid This way, the beat falls more regularly across those two lines, which allows the rapper to make his point (that Elvis was racist) without the flow sounding awkward. This video highlighting figures of speech should help you to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. This result adds to the emerging body of literature that has used baseline motor speech characteristics to track and predict the rate of decline in a PPA population.43 Reliable monitoring of subtle declines in motor speech function holds great clinical value for providers seeking to advise their patients on topics such as advance planning for augmentative and alternative communication.

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On the surface, Antony says what the audience wants to hear (that Brutus is honorable), but it becomes clear over the course of his speech that he means the opposite of what he says (and over time he convinces the audience to believe this opposite meaning as well). Solid line shows mean group slope; dashed line shows 95% confidence interval of mean group slope.